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Biology Chapter 9

Cellular Communications

QuestionAnswer
Name the different kinds of cellular signaling. Autocrine, Paracrine, Direct signaling across gap junctions, and Endocrine.
Describe autocrine signaling. These signals are produced by signaling cells that can also bind to the ligand that is released. Usually target and signal cell is one in the same. This type of signaling is responsible for apoptosis.
Describe paracrine signaling. This signals cells that are near by or close together. These signals move via diffusion thru extracellular matrix. Enzymes destroy signals to keep response localized.
Define a synapse. This is the junction between nerve cells where signal transmission occurs. Usually in paracrine signaling.
What is a synaptic signal? A chemical signal that travels between nerve cells.
What is a neurotransmitter? Chemical ligand that carries a signal from one nerve cell to the next.
What is a chemical synapse? This is the space between axon terminals and dendrites of nerve cells where neurotransmitters function.
Define direct signaling. This type of signaling occurs when two cells are connected via gap junctions (animal cell) or plasmodesmata (plant cell). It allows small signals, called intracellular mediators, to diffuse between them. Only for small molecules.
Define endocrine signaling. These signals are transmitted over long distances (via bloodstream sometimes) and usually produce a slower response but have a longer-lasting effect. The ligands released in endocrine signaling are called hormones. Work at low concentrationsl
Name the types of receptors. Internal, cell-surface (transmembrane receptors), ion-channel linked receptors, G-protein-linked receptors, and enzyme-linked receptors.
What is a cell-surface receptor? It is a cell-surface protein that transmits a signal from exterior of the cell to the interior, even though ligand doesn't enter cell.
Name the parts of a cell-surface receptor. An external ligand-binding domain (extracellular domain), a hydrophobic membrane-spanning region (transmembrane domain), and an intracellular domain inside the cell.
What are the 3 types of cell-surface receptors? 1) Ion channel-linked receptor 2) G-protein-linked receptor 3) enzyme-linked receptor
Describe an ion channel-linked receptor. These bind a ligand and open an integral channel protein that allows specific ions to pass through.
Describe G-protein-linked receptors. These bind to a ligand and activate a membrane protein called G-protein. The activated G-protein interacts with either an ion channel or enzyme in the membrane. These receptors have 7 transmembrane domains.
Describe enzyme-linked receptors. These are cell-surface receptors with intracellular domains that are associated with an enzyme. The bound ligand triggers a signal to be transferred through the membrane and activates the enzyme.
What is signal transduction? The propagation of a signal thru the cytoplasm (sometimes nucleus) of a cell. This only happens with cell-surface receptors.
What is dimerization? The interaction of two receptor proteins to form a function complex called a dimer.
What is a dimer? A chemical compound formed when two molecules (often identical) join together.
What are second messengers? Small molecules that propagate a signal after it has been initiated by the binding of the ligand to the receptor. These spread signals thru the cytoplasm
Name some examples of second messengers. Calcium ion (Ca2+), cyclic AMP (cAMP), inositol triphosphate (IP3), and diacylglycerol (DAG).
What is programmed cell death called? Apoptosis
What is quorum sensing? A method of cellular commo used by bacteria that informs them of the abundance of similar/different bacteria in the area.
Define growth factor. A ligand that binds to cell-surface receptors and stimulates cell growth.
What is phosphodiesterase? An enzyme that degrades cAMP to AMP, to terminate signaling.
Created by: tali_Alley
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