characteristic of an organism. Ex. pea plant height

instructions for a specific trait (Ex. insturctions for making a pea plant tall or short)

A specific version of a gene (ex. the tall version of the gene or the short version of the gene

the allele that is expressed only when the dominant allele is not present. Ex. "t" for short in pea plants

the allele that is expressed only when the dominant allele is not present. Ex. "t" for short pea plants.

the visible form of a trait (Ex. Tall pea plant)

the combination of alleles that hold the instructions for a specific trait (Ex "Tt" or "TT")

Purebred = 2 of the same alleles for a trait (Ex. TT or tt)

Hybrid = 2 different alleles for a trait (Ex. Tt)

Both alleles are expressed in the organism. Ex. the red hair allele H(R) and the white hair allele H(W) can both be expressed in the hair color of cows -- H(R)H(W)=the allele combination that leads to roan (red and white) hair color in some cows

condensed forms of DNA. Chromosomes contain DNA because the DNA must be condensesd to fit on the chromosomes

Mitosis x 2. Normal body cell doubles its chromosomes and splits into 2 new cells (each has same number of chromosomes as the original cell). Second, 2 new cells split, creating 4 cells (sex cells) that have 1/2 number of chromosomes.

Instructions on DNA for how to make proteins

the 4 structures that form the rungs of the DNA ladder. A (Adanene), T (Thymine), G (Guanine) and C(Cytosene).

The process by which DNA is used to create proteins

Describe the first stage of protein Synthesis?

A strand of DNA in the nucleus is used to create a complementary copy of messenger RNA.

After the messenger RNA is created, what happens next?

Messenger RNA moves from the nucleus to the cytoplasm and attaches to a ribosome.

What is protein synthesis?

the production of proteins in a cell.

After the messenger RNA attaches to a ribosome, what happens?

The ribosome reads a series of 3 nitrogen bases on the messenger RNA and matches the series to a specific transfer RNA.

How does transfer RNA help create proteins?

Each transfer RNA molecule is attached to a specific amino acid. As the transfer RNA connects to the each three letter code on the messenger RNA, the amino acids on the transfer RNA string together to form a protein

Any change in DNA. Mutations can be harmful, helpful or neutral.

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01-28-2010 Mike Sci

Genetics

Question	Answer
Trait	characteristic of an organism. Ex. pea plant height
Gene	instructions for a specific trait (Ex. insturctions for making a pea plant tall or short)
Allele	A specific version of a gene (ex. the tall version of the gene or the short version of the gene
Dominant	the allele that is expressed only when the dominant allele is not present. Ex. "t" for short in pea plants
recessive	the allele that is expressed only when the dominant allele is not present. Ex. "t" for short pea plants.
Phenotype	the visible form of a trait (Ex. Tall pea plant)
Genotype	the combination of alleles that hold the instructions for a specific trait (Ex "Tt" or "TT")
Homozygous	Purebred = 2 of the same alleles for a trait (Ex. TT or tt)
Heterozygous	Hybrid = 2 different alleles for a trait (Ex. Tt)
Codominant	Both alleles are expressed in the organism. Ex. the red hair allele H(R) and the white hair allele H(W) can both be expressed in the hair color of cows -- H(R)H(W)=the allele combination that leads to roan (red and white) hair color in some cows
Chromosomes	condensed forms of DNA. Chromosomes contain DNA because the DNA must be condensesd to fit on the chromosomes
Sex cells contain ____ as many chromosomes as normal body cells	half
Meiosis	Mitosis x 2. Normal body cell doubles its chromosomes and splits into 2 new cells (each has same number of chromosomes as the original cell). Second, 2 new cells split, creating 4 cells (sex cells) that have 1/2 number of chromosomes.
Genetic Code	Instructions on DNA for how to make proteins
Nitrogen bases	the 4 structures that form the rungs of the DNA ladder. A (Adanene), T (Thymine), G (Guanine) and C(Cytosene).
Which nitrogen base connects with Adanene?	Thymine
Which nitrogen base connects with Cytosine?	Guanene
Protein Synthesis	The process by which DNA is used to create proteins
In what part of the cell is DNA located?	Nucleus
In what part of the cell are Ribosomes located?	cytoplasm
Describe the first stage of protein Synthesis?	A strand of DNA in the nucleus is used to create a complementary copy of messenger RNA.
If the series of nitrogen bases on a DNA strand is TCT, what will the series be on the messenger RNA?	AGA
After the messenger RNA is created, what happens next?	Messenger RNA moves from the nucleus to the cytoplasm and attaches to a ribosome.
What is protein synthesis?	the production of proteins in a cell.
After the messenger RNA attaches to a ribosome, what happens?	The ribosome reads a series of 3 nitrogen bases on the messenger RNA and matches the series to a specific transfer RNA.
How does transfer RNA help create proteins?	Each transfer RNA molecule is attached to a specific amino acid. As the transfer RNA connects to the each three letter code on the messenger RNA, the amino acids on the transfer RNA string together to form a protein
Mutation	Any change in DNA. Mutations can be harmful, helpful or neutral.

Created by: Mike Fournier

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