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Psychology Unit 4
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Learning | relatively permanent change in an organism's behavior due to experience |
| Association | Learning to associate two events |
| Conditioning | Process of learning associations |
| Unconditioned stimulus | automatically and naturally triggers a response |
| Unconditioned Response | unlearned, naturally occuring response to the unconditioned stimulus |
| Conditioned stimulus | originally irrelevant stiumulus that, after association with an unconditioned stimulus, comes to trigger a conditioned response |
| Conditioned response | learned response to a previously neutral conditioned stimulus |
| Acquisition | association between a neutral simulus and an unconditioned stimulus takes place |
| Extincion | diminishing of a conditioned response |
| Spontaneous recovery | after a rest period, an extinguished CR spontaneously recovers |
| Stimulus generalization | tendency to respond to stimuli similar to the CS |
| Stimulus discrimination | discrimination is the learned ability to distinguish between a conditioned stimulus and other stimuli that do not signal an unconditioned stimulus |
| Classical conditioning | assosiations between stimuli, respondent behavior |
| Operant Conditioning | association between behaviors and the results |
| Law of Effect | Favorable consequences=more likely Unfavorable consequences= less likely |
| Primary Reinforcers | unlearned, innate ex) food, sex |
| Conditioned reinforcers | learned by association ex) money, good grades, praise, trophies, awards |
| Positive Reinforcement | + desirable stimulus ex) pet a dog when you call it |
| Negative Reinforcement | - aversive stimulus ex) fasten seatbelt to end beeping |
| Positive punishment | + aversive stimulus ex) spray water on a barking dog |
| Negative Punishment | - rewarding stimulus ex) take away misbehaving child's phone |
| How does positive punishment work? | presenting an aversive consequence after an undesired behavior is exhibited, making the behavior less likely to happen in the future |
| How does negative punishment work? | it happens when a certain reinforcing stimulus is removed after a particular undesired behavior is exhibited, resulting in the behavior happening less often in the future |
| Fixed Ratio | reinforce a response only after a specific number of responses IE: factory workers get paid after every 10 cases of product are completed |
| Variable Ratio | Schedule that reinforces a response after an unpredictable number of responses IE: slot machine pay-offs |
| Fixed Interval | Reinforce a response only after a specific time has elapsed IE: weekly or monthly paychecks |
| Variable Interval | Reinforces a response at unpredictable time intervals IE: Random visit from boss who delivers praise |
| Shaping | gradually changing behavior |
| Biofeedback | recording and feeding back physiological information |
| Instinctive Drift | gradually revert to bio predisposition |
| Latent Learning | learning not apparent until it is needed |
| Preparedness | bio predisposition to learn associations that have survival value |
| Insight learning | sudden realization of a solution as opposed to a strategy based solution |
| Intrinsic | done for its own sake |
| Extrinsic | done for reward or to avoid punishment |
| Intrinsic motivation | generally more powerful |
| Extrinsic motivation | can be problematic |
| Problem focused coping | Directly focused on confronting the stressor ex) stressed about test- study |
| Emotion focused coping | ignoring stressor and meet emotional needs ex) stressed about test- do somthing you're good at instead |
| External locus | fate is determined by things outside of our control |
| Internal locus | control impulses and delay short term gratification |
| Modeling | oberving and imitating specific behavior |
| Bobo doll experiment- Bandura | children imitated acts and words |
| Observational learning | social learning |
| The process of observing and imitating specific behavior | modeling |
| Mirror Neurons | frontal lobe neurons that fire when performing certain actions or when observing others do so |
Created by:
sophiesoup13
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