Psychology Unit 4
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| Learning | relatively permanent change in an organism's behavior due to experience
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| Association | Learning to associate two events
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| Conditioning | Process of learning associations
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| Unconditioned stimulus | automatically and naturally triggers a response
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| Unconditioned Response | unlearned, naturally occuring response to the unconditioned stimulus
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| Conditioned stimulus | originally irrelevant stiumulus that, after association with an unconditioned stimulus, comes to trigger a conditioned response
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| Conditioned response | learned response to a previously neutral conditioned stimulus
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| Acquisition | association between a neutral simulus and an unconditioned stimulus takes place
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| Extincion | diminishing of a conditioned response
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| Spontaneous recovery | after a rest period, an extinguished CR spontaneously recovers
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| Stimulus generalization | tendency to respond to stimuli similar to the CS
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| Stimulus discrimination | discrimination is the learned ability to distinguish between a conditioned stimulus and other stimuli that do not signal an unconditioned stimulus
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| Classical conditioning | assosiations between stimuli, respondent behavior
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| Operant Conditioning | association between behaviors and the results
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| Law of Effect | Favorable consequences=more likely
Unfavorable consequences= less likely
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| Primary Reinforcers | unlearned, innate
ex) food, sex
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| Conditioned reinforcers | learned by association
ex) money, good grades, praise, trophies, awards
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| Positive Reinforcement | + desirable stimulus
ex) pet a dog when you call it
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| Negative Reinforcement | - aversive stimulus
ex) fasten seatbelt to end beeping
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| Positive punishment | + aversive stimulus
ex) spray water on a barking dog
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| Negative Punishment | - rewarding stimulus
ex) take away misbehaving child's phone
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| How does positive punishment work? | presenting an aversive consequence after an undesired behavior is exhibited, making the behavior less likely to happen in the future
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| How does negative punishment work? | it happens when a certain reinforcing stimulus is removed after a particular undesired behavior is exhibited, resulting in the behavior happening less often in the future
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| Fixed Ratio | reinforce a response only after a specific number of responses
IE: factory workers get paid after every 10 cases of product are completed
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| Variable Ratio | Schedule that reinforces a response after an unpredictable number of responses
IE: slot machine pay-offs
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| Fixed Interval | Reinforce a response only after a specific time has elapsed
IE: weekly or monthly paychecks
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| Variable Interval | Reinforces a response at unpredictable time intervals
IE: Random visit from boss who delivers praise
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| Shaping | gradually changing behavior
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| Biofeedback | recording and feeding back physiological information
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| Instinctive Drift | gradually revert to bio predisposition
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| Latent Learning | learning not apparent until it is needed
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| Preparedness | bio predisposition to learn associations that have survival value
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| Insight learning | sudden realization of a solution as opposed to a strategy based solution
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| Intrinsic | done for its own sake
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| Extrinsic | done for reward or to avoid punishment
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| Intrinsic motivation | generally more powerful
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| Extrinsic motivation | can be problematic
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| Problem focused coping | Directly focused on confronting the stressor
ex) stressed about test- study
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| Emotion focused coping | ignoring stressor and meet emotional needs
ex) stressed about test- do somthing you're good at instead
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| External locus | fate is determined by things outside of our control
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| Internal locus | control impulses and delay short term gratification
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| Modeling | oberving and imitating specific behavior
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| Bobo doll experiment- Bandura | children imitated acts and words
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| Observational learning | social learning
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| The process of observing and imitating specific behavior | modeling
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| Mirror Neurons | frontal lobe neurons that fire when performing certain actions or when observing others do so
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