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Pediatrics Ch20
Growth and Development of Male and Female Adolescents
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What secretes testosterone during fetal life | Leydig cells |
| What stimulates the cells to secrete testosterone during fetal life | Placental chorionic gonadotropin |
| What are the important weeks of gestation in the development of the male child | 8 – 12 |
| What hormone maintains male testosterone levels | Luteinizing (LH) |
| When do male serum levels of LH increase | During sleep 1 to 2 years before puberty |
| What stimulates gonad enlargement and the secretion of sex hormones in a male 1 to 2 years before puberty | Gonadotropin |
| What effect does gonadotropin have in a male 1 to 2 years before puberty | Gonad enlargement and the secretion of sex hormones |
| What organs support the male development of puberty | Hypothalamus, Pituitary, Gonads |
| What does puberty begin with, for males | Hormonal changes at 10 – 13 |
| When does sperm production begin | 13 – 14 |
| What is the order of the physical changes in a male at puberty, before sperm production begins | Enlargement of testicles and internal structures, scrotum pigmentation – Penis enlargement – Erections and Nocturnal emissions |
| What are the physical changes after sperm production begins | Shoulders widen, Pectoral muscles enlarge, Voice depends, Hair grows on face, chest, axillae, and pubic areas |
| What protective equipment is necessary for males participating in any activity in which genitalia sport or protection is required | Athletic scrotal sport device/Jock strap |
| In addition to support and protection, what is a benefit of a male using a jock strap | Prevent embarrassment from exposure |
| How are male athletic supporters purchased | By size |
| Why is good personal hygiene required in a male | Heat and friction can lead to jock itch |
| What is jock itch | A fungal infestation of the groin |
| When should males examine their testes | Once a month, after a hot bath or shower |
| Why should males examine their testes | Testicular cancer is the most common and easiest to cure form of male cancer |
| How should males examine their testes | Using the index and middle fingers of both hands on the underside of the testicle and thumbs on top of the testicle – gently rolling between the fingers to feel for abnormalities |
| What should a male do he discovers a lump on his testicles | Report it immediately to a health care provider |
| In relation to the changes in boys, when do pubertal changes in girls occur | 6 months to 2 years sooner |
| How is puberty recognized in girls | Onset of menstruation – menarche |
| What is menarche | First menstrual period |
| When does menarche commonly occur | 12 – 13 |
| How soon and how late can menarche occur | 10 – 15 |
| When do secondary sex characteristics in females become more apparent | Before menarche |
| How is female fat affected during puberty | It is deposited in the hips, thighs, and breasts, causing them to enlarge |
| How should bra straps fit | So that they do not fall from the shoulders |
| How should bra cups fit | To support fullness near the underarms |
| What type of undergarments to adolescent females typically prefer | Attractive with lace trim |
| What type of undergarments should females participating in sports wear | Sports bra |
| When is a good time to begin teaching a female about self breast exams | Puberty |
| Where can information on self breast exams be obtained | American Cancer Society |
| What are some physical changes in the female at puberty | External genitalia grow, Hair develops in pubic area and under arms |
| What are important factors to evaluate when menstruation is delayed | Energy balance, Activity, Nutrition |
| Which females might have a delay in the onset of menarche | Ones engaged in activities that involve a lean body and high level of physical activity |
| What are some activities that might delay the onset of menarche | Ballet, running, gymnastics |
| When is bone growth ended | When the ends of the long bones knit securely to their shafts = epipehyseal closure |
| What are SMRs | Sexual maturity ratings |
| What is the range for SMRs | 1 = prebubertal, 2 = adult status |
| What is closely related to SMRs, and why | Bone growth – epipehyseal is controlled by hormones |
| What is stage 1 for male genital development | Preadolescent; testes, scrotum, and penis about the same size a proportion as early childhood |
| What is stage 2 for male genital development | Enlargement of scrotum and testes, Scrotum reddens and changes texture, Little to no penis enlargement |
| What is stage 3 for male genital development | Penis lengthened, Further growth of scrotum and testes |
| What is stage 4 for male genital development | Penis breadth growth, Glands develop, Larger testes and scrotum, Scrotal skin darkened |
| What is stage 5 for male genital development | Genitalia adult in size and shape |
| What is stage 1 for female breast development | Preadolescent; Elevation of papilla only |
| What is stage 2 for female breast development | Breast bud stage, Elevation of breast and papilla as small mound, Enlargement of areola diameter |
| What is stage 3 for female breast development | Further enlargement and elevation of breast and areola, with no separation of contours |
| What is stage 4 for female breast development | Projection of areola and papilla form a secondary mound above the level of the breast |
| What is stage 5 for female breast development | Mature stage; Projection of papilla only because of recession of areola to the general contour of the breast |
| What is stage 1 for the development of pubic hair in both sexes | Preadolescent; vellus (fine body hair) over pubes is not further developed that that over the abdominal wall = no pubic hair |
| What is stage 2 for the development of pubic hair in both sexes | Sparse growth of long, slightly pigmented, downy hair, straight or curled, chiefly at the base of the penis or along the labia |
| What is stage 3 for the development of pubic hair in both sexes | Considerably darker, coarser, and more curled hair; spreads sparsely over the junction of the pubes |
| What is stage 4 for the development of pubic hair in both sexes | Hair is adult in type, but area covered is considerably smaller than in the adult; no spread to the medial surface of thighs |
| What is stage 5 for the development of pubic hair in both sexes | Adult in quantity and type with distribution of the horizontal (feminine) pattern; Spread to medial surface of thighs but not up linea alba o elsewhere about the base of the inverse triangle |
| What is stage 6 for the development of pubic hair in both sexes | Spread up the linea alba |
| Where is the pituitary gland, and what does it do | At the base of the brain – sends out chemical messengers through the blood to carious parts of the body |
| What are the ovaries | Two small female organs that manufacture human egg cells |
| What is ovulation | Movement of an egg cell through the fallopian tube |
| Where do the fallopian tubes lead | Toward the uterus |
| Where does an egg develop if it is fertilized | In the uterus/womb |
| What forms inside the uterus each month | A soft, thick lining/endometrium |
| What is the lowest form of the uterus, connecting to the vagina | Cervix |
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