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Unit 4 Heredity
Inheritance of Traits
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Heredity | the passing of traits from parents to offspring |
| Recessive Allele | an allele that is hidden whenever the dominant allele is present |
| Phenotype | an organism's physical appearance or visible traits |
| Pedigree | a tool that geneticists use to map out the inheritance of traits |
| Chromatids | the structure formed when a chromosome divides during meiosis |
| DNA | deoxyribonucleic acid; the genetic material that carries information about an organism and is passed from parent to offspring |
| Transfer RNA | type of RNA in the cytoplasm that carries amino acid to the ribosome during protein synthesis |
| Autosomal Chromosomes | the 22 pairs of chromosomes that are not sex chromosomes |
| Sex-linked Genes | a gene carried on a sex chromosome |
| Genetic Engineering | the transfer of a gene from the DNA of one organism into another organism, in order to produce an organism with desired traits |
| Clone | an organism that is genetically identical to the organism from which it was produced |
| Trait | a specific characteristic that an organism can pass to its offspring through its genes |
| Fertilization | the process in sexual reproduction in which an egg cell and a sperm cell join to form a new cell |
| Gene | a sequence of DNA that determines a trait and is passed from parent to offspring |
| Hybrid | the offspring of two plants or animals of different species or varieties, such as a mule (a hybrid of a donkey and a horse) |
| Homozygous | having two identical alleles of a particular gene or genes |
| Incomplete Dominance | when a dominant allele, or form of a gene, does not completely mask the effects of a recessive allele |
| Multiple Alleles | an allele of a genetic locus having more than two allelic forms within a population |
| Carrier | an individual who carries and is capable of passing on a genetic mutation associated with a disease and may or may not display disease symptoms |
| Karyotype | process of pairing and ordering all the chromosomes of an organism, thus providing a genome-wide snapshot of an individual's chromosomes |
| Inbreeding | the mating of organisms closely related by ancestry |
| Dominant Allele | an allele whose trait always shows up in an organism when the allele is present |
| Genotype | an organism's genetic makeup, or allele combinations |
| Chromosome | a threadlike structure within a cell's nucleus that contains DNA that is passed from one generation to the next |
| Meiosis | the process that occurs in the formation of sex cells (sperm and egg) by which the number of chromosomes is reduced by half |
| Mitosis | the second stage of the cell cycle during which the cell's nucleus divides into two new nuclei and one set of DNA is distributed into each daughter cell |
| Messenger RNA | type of RNA that carries copies of instructions for the assembly of amino acids into proteins from DNA to ribosomes in the cytoplasm |
| Sex Chromosomes | the pair of chromosomes carrying genes that determine whether a person is biologically female or male |
| Mutation | any change in the DNA of a gene or a chromosome |
| Artificial Selection | the process by which humans breed only those organisms with desired traits to produce the next generation; selective breeding |
| Gene Therapy | the process of replacing an absent or faulty gene with a normal working gene to treat a disease or medical disorder |
| Genome | the complete set of genetic information that an organism carries in its DNA |
| Genetics | the study of heredity in general and of genes in particular |
| Purebred | HOMOZYGOUS and consists of gene pairs with genes that are the SAME; bred from parents of the same breed or variety |
| Allele | a different form of a gene |
| Punnett Square | table in which all of the possible outcomes for a genetic cross between two individuals with known genotypes are given |
| Heterozygous | having two different alleles of a particular gene or genes |
| Codominance | A condition in which both alleles of a gene pair in a heterozygote are fully expressed, with neither one being dominant or recessive to the other |
| Polygenic Inheritance | the heredity of complex characters that are determined by a large number of genes, each one usually having a relatively small effect |
| Genetic Disorder | disease caused in whole or in part by a change in the DNA sequence away from the normal sequence |
| Hybridization | process of combining two complementary single-stranded DNA or RNA molecules and allowing them to form a single double-stranded molecule through base pairing |
| Ethics | philosophy or code pertaining to what is ideal in human character and conduct |
Created by:
Ms. Wright
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