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Rocks Midterm
Rocks
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is the current age of the Earth | 4.5 billion years old |
| Pangaea was ________ | A super continent |
| The ________forms the relatively cool, brittle plates of plate tectonics | Lithosphere |
| A typical rate of lithospheric (tectonic) plate movement is_____ | 2-5 cm/year |
| New seafloor is created at _____plate boundaries | Diverging |
| The San Andreas fault in California and the Alpine fault in New Zealand are good examples of _____ | Shear/Strike-slip/Transform faults |
| The _____is the thinnest layer of the Earth. | Crust |
| The composition of the core of Earth is thought to be _____ | Iron & Nickel |
| The _______, about 100 km thick, is the coldest, most rigid, and most brittle layer in the Earth. | Lithosphere |
| As a self-contained planet, Earth is divided into several interacting systems called _____ | Spheres |
| Most of the lithium used in smart phones, tablets and Tesla Cars comes from _____ | Salt flats (South America). |
| A _____ boundary is where a heavier plate decends below a lighter plate | Subduction |
| A _____ is responsible for a volcanic chain that defines the rate of plate movement. | Hot Spot |
| What is the fundamental concept of superposition? | Oldest layer of rock at the bottom newer at the top. |
| For a billion years or more, oxygen produced by cyanobacteria was completely consumed in the process of ? | oxidization of iron in the ocean |
| After the mass extinction of their primary predators, mammals flourished and dominated what era? | Cenozoic |
| The Precambrian (Hadean, Archean and Proterozoic Eons) accounts for what percentage of Earth History | 80-90% |
| Scallops first became a classic appetizer dish in the _____ Era | Mesozoic |
| Teeth were first seen in the _____ Era about 540 Million Years ago. | Phanerozoic Era |
| Dinosaurs were wiped on at the end of the _____ Era by an asteroid collision | Mesozoic Era |
| The _____ era saw the world filled with thick forests resulting in the larger coal beds of today | Paleozoic |
| We currently find ourselves in the _____ Epoch of our own making. | Anthropocene |
| Tyrannosaurus Rex tried and failed to "Put his hands up and party!" in the _____ Period | Cretaceous |
| What, basic, atomic particles occupy space in an atom outside of the nucleus? | Electrons |
| In a neutral atom such as helium or native copper, the number of protons in the nucleus is | equal to the number of electrons |
| An atom's atomic weight is 13 and its atomic number is 6. How many neutrons are in its nucleus? | 7 |
| In _____ bonding one atom gives up electrons to another that receives them. | ionic |
| The two main types of bonding that form the structures in minerals are _____. | Ionic and Covalent |
| _____ is the external expression of orderly internal arrangement of atoms in a mineral crystal. | Crystal Habit |
| The true colour of a mineral as seen in its powdered form is called it's _____. | streak |
| The strong tendency of certain minerals to break along smooth, parallel planes is known as _____. | Cleavage |
| The tendency for a mineral like quartz to break in a smoothly curved manner is termed _____. | Conchoidal |
| _____ is the ratio of a weight of mineral to a volume of water of equal weight. | Specific Gravity |
| Which common rock forming minerals exhibit a perfect single basal cleavage? | Quartz |
| Which mineral is composed of silicon dioxide (SiO2)? | Quartz |
| Why doesn't quartz have any cleavages, only fractures? | Equally strong bond in all directions |
| The main use of bauxite is _____. | extracting aluminum. |
| Plutonic rocks are emplaced at depth, yet they can be seen at the Earth's surface due mainly to _____. | Erosion |
| The last minerals to crystallize in Bowen's reaction series result in rocks with a _____ composition. | felsic |
| Which of the following minerals crystallize early in Bowen's reaction series? | Olivine |
| Which of the following igneous rocks is thought to be common in the Earth's mantle but rare in the crust? | Peridotite |
| Lava flows are typically finer grained than intrusive igneous rocks. Why? | Faster cooling |
| How long does it take for a large magma body at great depth to cool and completely crystallize? | 1000s of years |
| Rocks that consist completely of disordered ions with no long range structures are called _____ | Amorphous Rocks. (Mafic and intermediate rocks are amorphous also obsidian) |
| A(n) _____ texture would be most unlikely to occur in an extrusive igneous rock. | Phaneritic |
| _____ typically exhibit pyroclastic textures. | Tuff and breccia |
| Which of the following has the same mineral composition as andesite? | Diorite |
| Which of the following high silica igneous rocks can be of low enough density to float on water? | Pumice |
| What is the most common extrusive rock type for any volcanic environment on the Earth or the Moon? | Basalt |
| A _____ is a near surface, intrusive, igneous rock body that results from local inflation of a horizontal sill. | Laccolith |
| What is the largest immediate volcanic threat to human life and property? | |
| What is the direct control on whether a volcano will erupt violently or quietly send out a few flows? | |
| In general, which of the following types of magma will be more likely to erupt explosively? | |
| What are the two varieties of basaltic lava flows? | |
| Which one of the following is made of abundant pyroclastic materials? | |
| Which volcano is a very large, gently sloping mound composed mainly of mafic lava flows? | |
| Kilauea and Mauna Loa are what kind of volcanoes? | |
| What kind of volcano is Mount Garibaldi? | |
| The _____ ocean basin is rimmed by the most subduction zones. | |
| How are the Icelandic volcanoes related to plate tectonics? | |
| What is the dominant lava type erupted along mid-ocean ridges? | |
| As _____ increases the surface area of a rock or mineral, this allows _____ to occur at a faster rate. | |
| Dissolution of minerals occurs because most minerals are ionic crystals and _____ | |
| Clay minerals formed from gabbro or diorite bedrock illustrate which kind of weathering? | |
| What two factors speed up rates of chemical reaction and weathering in rocks and soils? | |
| Lateritic soils form under what climatic conditions? | |
| A stream begins at an elevation 200 m and flows a distance of 400 kilometres to the ocean. What is the average gradient? | |
| ________ generally constitutes the highest percentage of the annual sediment load moved by a stream. | |
| Describe how urbanization affects small-stream watersheds? | |
| Where is erosion concentrated along a meandering stream? | |
| With respect to constructing seashore buildings or foreshore engineering works, the best advice should be: _____ | |
| What is the wave base? | |
| _____ form when waves that approach the beach at an angle and produce a net current direction that is parallel to the shore, resulting in beach drift. | |
| Where is the world's greatest tidal range? |
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