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Pediatrics Ch20.
General Growth and Development of the Adolescent
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is puberty | The stage in which the reproductive organs become functional and secondary sex characteristics develop |
| What are male hormones called | Androgens |
| What are female hormones called | Estrogens |
| When do both sexes produce equal amounts of androgens and estrogens | During childhood |
| Which endocrine glands secrete hormones | Adrenals, Ovaries, Testes |
| Where do the endocrine glands secrete hormones to | The bloodstream |
| What stimulates the endocrine glands to secrete hormones | Pituitary gland |
| What signals the pituitary gland to signal the endocrine glands | Hypothalamus |
| When does the hypothalamus signal the pituitary gland to signal the endocrine glands to secrete hormones | During puberty |
| When do boys begin to secrete more androgen than estrogen | During puberty |
| When do girls begin to secrete more estrogen than androgen | During puberty |
| What is the age of puberty | It varies, but is earlier for girls than boys |
| What is a growth spurt and when does it occur | When the final 20% of mature height is achieved during adolescence – by age 18 |
| What is the general appearance of adolescents | Awkward, long-legged, gangly |
| What causes the general appearance of adolescents | Asynchrony |
| What causes asynchrony | Different body parts maturing at different rates |
| What contributes to the commonness of oily skin and acne | Very active sweat glands |
| Which sinuses are present at birth | Ethmoid, Maxillary, Sphenoid |
| Which sinuses appear at age 6 | Frontal |
| Which sinuses reach maximum size between ages 7 and 14 | Ethmoid |
| Which sinuses mature after puberty | Maxillary, Sphenoid |
| What is the developmental pattern of lymphnoid tissue | Reaches adult size by age 6, hypertrophies during childhood, recedes to adult size in adolescence |
| Who’s eating patterns can precipitate nutritional anemia | 2 year old’s & Adolescents |
| How do leukocytes change during adolescence | They decrease to adult levels |
| What increases during periods of rapid bone growth | Alkaline phosphatase |
| What is the pattern of pulse and respirations from birth to adulthood | Decrease sharply after age 2 and gradually throughout childhood |
| What is the pattern of blood pressure from birth to adulthood | Rises steadily from 6 years to adulthood |
| What is linked to sexual maturity due to hormone influences | Skeletal growth |
| What affects the excretion of drugs | Kidney and liver maturity |
| What are the ages for early adolescence | 10 – 13 |
| What are the ages for middle adolescence | 14 – 16 |
| What are the ages for late adolescence | 17 – 21 |
| During which period of adolescence do the secondary sex characteristics appear | Early |
| During which period of adolescence is there a growth spurt in height | Middle |
| During which period of adolescence does growth slow | Late |
| During which period of adolescence is the child self conscious | Early |
| During which period of adolescence does the child experiment with different images and looks | Middle |
| During which period of adolescence does the child accept the body image | Late |
| During which period of adolescence does the child adjust to pubertal changes | Early |
| During which period of adolescence does the personality emerge | Late |
| During which period of adolescence is there low self esteem and a denial of reality | Early |
| During which period of adolescence is there impulsiveness, impatience, and identity confusion | Middle |
| During which period of adolescence is there a empathetic, independent thinker with a positive self image | Late |
| During which period of adolescence does the child behave for rewards | Early |
| During which period of adolescence does the child behave to conform | Middle |
| During which period of adolescence does the child show responsible behavior | Late |
| During which period of adolescence is there sexual interest | Early |
| During which period of adolescence is there sexual experimentation | Middle |
| During which period of adolescence does the sexual identity emerge with the development of caring relationships | Late |
| During which period of adolescence are there cliques of unisex friends, a best friend, hero worship, and adult crushes | Early |
| During which period of adolescence does the child begin dating, need to please a significant peer, and develop a heterosexual peer group | Middle |
| During which period of adolescence does the child value individual relationships and partner selection | Late |
| During which period of adolescence is the child ambivalent to family while striving for independence | Early |
| During which period of adolescence does the child struggle for autonomy and acceptance while rebelling/withdrawing and demanding privacy | Middle |
| During which period of adolescence does the child achieve independence and reestablish family relationships | Late |
| During which period of adolescence is the child a concrete thinker with the here and now being most important | Early |
| During which period of adolescence is the child an early abstract thinker with daydreams and fantasies, and starts inductive and deductive reasoning | Middle |
| During which period of adolescence is the child idealistic and capable of abstract thinking | Late |
| During which period of adolescence is socializing a priority | Early |
| During which period of adolescence are goals unreasonable | Early |
| During which period of adolescence does the child identify skills/interests and become a superacheiver or a drop out | Middle |
| During which period of adolescence does the child identify career goals and enter work or college | Late |
| During which period of adolescence are the nursing interventions to convey limits and encourage verbalization | Early |
| During which period of adolescence are the nursing interventions to help solve problems with choices, use peer group sessions, and provide privacy | Middle |
| During which period of adolescence are the nursing interventions to discuss goals, allow participation in decisions, and provide confidentiality | Late |
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