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Chapter 35
Comfort and Pain Management
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Acute Pain | episode of pain that lasts from seconds to less than 6 months |
| Addiction | a pattern of compulsive use of addictive substances for means other than those prescribed |
| Adjuvant | drugs typically used for other purposes, but also used to enhance the effect of opioids by providing additional pain relief |
| Analgesic | pharmaceutical agent used to relieve pain |
| Breakthrough Pain | temporary flare up of moderate to severe pain that occurs even when the patient is taking around the clock medication for persistent pain |
| Chronic pain | episode of pain that lasts for 6 months or longer; may be intermittent or continuous |
| Cutaneous pain | superficial pain usually involving the skin or subcutaneous tissue |
| Dynorphin | the endorphin having the most potent analgesic effect |
| Endorphins | morphine-like substances released by the body that appear to alter the perception of pain |
| Enkephalins | opioids that are widespread throughout the brain and dorsal horn of the spinal cord and are believed to reduce pain sensation by inhibiting the release of substance P |
| Exacerbation | period in chronic illness when the symptoms of the disease reappear |
| Gate control Theory | theory that explains that excitatory pain stimuli carried by small - diameter nerve fibers can be blocked by inhibiting signals carried by large diameter nerve fibers |
| Intractable | severe pain that is extremely resistant to relief measures |
| Modulation | process by which the sensation of pain is inhibited or modified |
| Neuromodulators | endogenous opioid chemical regulators that appear to have analgesic activity and alter pain perception |
| Transmission | conduction of pain sensations from the side of an injury or inflammation along clear and unclear pathways to the spinal cord and then on to higher centers |
| Visceral pain | pain originating in the internal organs in the thorax, cranium or abdomen |
| Neuropathic pain | pain that results as a direct consequence of a lesion or disease affecting abnormal functioning of the peripheral nervous system (PNS) or central nervous system (CNS) |
| Neurotransmitters | substances that either excite or inhibit target nerve cells |
| Nociceptors | pain receptors |
| Opioids | more correct term for narcotic analgesics since these drugs act by binding to opiate receptor sites in the central nervous system |
| Pain threshold | amount of stimulation required before person experiences the sensation of pain |
| Pain tolerance | point beyond which a person is no longer willing to endure pain (i.e. pain of greater duration or intensity) |
| Perception | conscious process of organizing and interpreting data from the senses into meaningful information |
| Phantom pain | sensation without demonstrable physiologic or pathologic substance; commonly observed after the amputation of a limb |
| Physical dependence | phenomenon in which the body physiologically becomes accustomed to an opioid and suffers withdrawal symptoms if the opioid suddenly removed or the dose is rapidly decreased |
| Placebo | Latin word meaning "I shall please" an inactive substance that gives satisfaction to the person using it |
| Psychogenic pain | pain for which no physical cause can be identified |
| Referred pain | pain in an area removed from that in which stimulation has its origin |
| Remission | period in a chronic illness when the disease is present, but the person does not experience symptoms of the disease |
| Somatic pain | pain originating in structures in the body's external wall |
| Tolerance | occurrence of the body's becoming accustomed to an opioid and needing a larger dose each time for pain relief |
| Trunsduction | activation of pain receptors |
Created by:
Nursesparkle
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