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BIO 182 Exam 2
Terms and Definitions for second exam in BIO 182
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| If organisms A, B, and C belong to the same class but to different orders and if organisms D, E, and F belong to the same order but to different families, which of the following pairs of organisms would be the greatest degree of structural homology? | D and F |
| About how many extant species are known to science? | 1.7 million |
| Which discipline of biology places organisms into groups, usually nested within a hierarchy? | Taxonomy |
| TRUE OR FALSE: Hybridization, that is sexual reproduction can introduce DNA from one species into another. | True |
| Which of the following pairs are the best examples of homologous structures? | bones in the bat wing and bones in the human forelimb |
| TRUE OR FALSE: A taxonomy built using Linnaean taxonomy is always different to the classification and taxonomy constructed using the systematics approach. | False |
| What kinds of data do systematists use to construct phylogenies. Chose form these options: 1: Morphological 2: Fossil 3: DNA sequences 4: Protein sequences | All of the options |
| Animals are closest to which other kingdom of organisms at a very fundamental level? | Fungi |
| Systematists illustrate the phylogenies of groups of organisms using | phylogenetic trees |
| Homologies result from _________ evolution and analogies results from __________ evolution. | divergent; convergent |
| TRUE OR FALSE: Horizontal gene transfer helps us construct a more accurate tree of life. | False |
| Which are sister taxa? | B & C |
| Which is the correct taxonomic hierarchy of the taxa below, starting with the most inclusive taxon? | Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species |
| You perform a phylogenetic analysis and find out that the meat sample forms a sister taxon to southern hemisphere Minke whales! Did the restaurant owner serve you legally harvested whale meat? | YES |
| Phenotypic and genetic similarities due to shared ancestry are called | homologies |
| TRUE OR FALSE: Oxygen must first dissolve into the plasma before it can enter a red blood cell | True |
| When oxygen binds to haemoglobin, write the name of the molecule that results. | oxyhaemoglobin |
| For carbon dioxide to diffuse from the blood into the alveolar space, the partial pressure of carbon dioxide in the blood must be __________ relative to the alveolar space. | greater |
| Which of the following transport lipids? A: HCO3- B: Na+ C: Albumin D: Apolipoproteins E: Respiratory gasses | D |
| One of the few foods or diets to both increase HDL and reduce LDL is | drink red wine |
| TRUE OR FALSE: Mammalian RBCs contain mitochondria | False |
| HDL does what? | binds to cholesterol in the blood and takes it back to the liver |
| In Flagstaff at 8000ft, air pressure is about 560mmHg. What is the partial pressure of oxygen in Flagstaff? | 117 mmHg |
| Which of the following have a nucleus and mitochondria? A: erythrocytes B: leucocytes C: thrombocytes (platelets) | B |
| How does the Bohr shift affect haemoglobins ability to carry oxygen? | Haemoglobin will unload more oxygen at the same partial pressure of oxygen mostly at the tissues |
| I carry cholesterol to cell in the blood | low density lipoproteins |
| The liquid portion of the blood is called | plasma |
| Oxygen binds to which part of the haemoglobin molecule? | Fe |
| Carbon dioxide is carried in the blood in several different ways, check ALL those that apply below | - in simple solution - as a bicarbonate ion - bound to haemoglobin as carbaminohaemoglobin |
| Cell and cell components comprise approximately what % of blood volume? | 45% |
| Examples of vertebrates that have nucleated erythrocytes are: | a & b birds and reptiles |
| A hematocrit below 40 indicates what condition? | anemia |
| Atherosclerosis itself is not usually fatal, so why are there so many fatalities from the disease? | It narrows the arteries which restricts blood flow and affected arteries are then more prone to blockage |
| Which of the choices below have a role in buffering the blood (check all that apply): A: HCO3- B: Na+ C: Albumin D: Apolipoproteins E: Respiratory gasses | A: HCO3- C: Albumin |
| Which of the following are typically very large molecules and do not easily move out of the blood and into the interstitial fluid? A: HCO3- B: Disolved ions C: Amino acids D: Plasma proteins E: Respiratory gasses | D: Plasma proteins |
| Which of the following become stick at a wound site? A: erythrocytes B: leucocytes C: thrombocytes (platelets) | C: thrombocytes (platelets) |
| Haemoglobin seems particular well adapted to perform its oxygen carrying function. Which statement below best describes this. | Haemoglobin loads oxygen under a wide range of higher oxygen partial pressures at the lungs and unloads large amounts of oxygen under a wide range of lower partial pressures at the tissues |
| High density lipoproteins have what role? | pick up cholesterol form the blood for transport back to the liver |
| Mammalian ventricles fill as a result of which of the following in which order? | gravity & ventricular relaxation then atrial systole |
| How is a 4 chambered heart more efficient than the heart found in non-avian reptiles? | It is completely separates oxygenated from deoxygenated blood |
| The SA node or pace making is located in which region of the heart? | right atrium |
| Endothermy is found in which groups of animals? | birds and whales |
| The circulatory system of a vertebrate is called the | cardiovascular system |
| Some multi-celled organisms that do not have an internal transport system but instead have extensive gastrovascular cavities. What properties of gastrovascular cavity enable it to be sufficient? | - Gastrovascular cavity lining is very thin - Means the diffusion distance is very small |
| TRUE OR FALSE: Veins have valves, arteries do not. | True |
| In a closed circulatory system, the blood in contained entirely within __________. | vessels |
| What are human capillaries so thin walled? | to allow efficient/rapid diffusion of substances from the blood into the interstitial fluid |
| TRUE OR FALSE: With a closed circulatory system, there is separation between the blood and the interstitial fluid. | True |
| Why is the endothelium lining blood vessels so smooth? | to reduce friction and therefore decrease the reduce the energy required to move blood |
| Why do most multi-celled organisms need an internal transport system? | The diffusion distance for substances the cells need is too great to meet the organisms needs |
| The endothelium of blood vessels is how many cell layers thick? | 1 |
| Which of the following are properties of almost all circulatory systems? Check all that apply. | A pump such as a heart |
| Why do veins have thinner walls than arteries? | they are under far less pressure |
| What is the name of digestive enzyme that's active in the stomach? | pepsin |
| Minerals in the diet have a very important function as ____________? | enzyme co-factors |
| If you had an unknown species in front of you, but you wanted to find its pancreas which was small and not obvious, which organs would you locate to begin your search. | duodenum |
| Which part of the gut receive secretions from both the gall bladder and pancreas? | duodenum |
| Fe in the diet is used in which very important respiratory pigment? | Haemoglobin |
| Which vitamin, if deficient during pregnancy, can result in neural tube defects? | B9 Folic acid |
| Which part of the gut have a pH of 2? | stomach |
| A major process in the colon is | water and ion reabsorption |
| Which of the following is not a role of vitamins? | to act as a carbon source when synthsizing other organic molecules |
| As adults, how many of the amino acids we need, can we synthesize? Please read this question CAREFULLY, it's not designed to trick you. | 12 |
| Which sphincter, if no working correctly can cause acid reflux? | cardiac sphincter |
| We cave ________ because consumption of this substance from natural sources also provides us with ____________. | salt | many other minerals |
| Substances absorbed in the ileum and jejunum are carried by the blood to the __________. | liver |
| TRUE OR FALSE: We can synthesize all of the fatty acids we require. | False |
| Why is the small intestine folded into villi and microvilli present on the epithelium? | to increase its surface area for absorption |
| The pancreas releases enzymes that breaks which of the following types of molecules? | All of the rest except glucose - carbohydrates & lipids - nucleic acids & proteins |
| What kind of organisms have a large caecum? | herbivores |
| Gasses like hydrogen sulphide are produced in this part of the digestive system | colon |
| The appendix in humans was thought to have no function, but we now know that the appendix ____________________. | houses a number of important mutualistic microbes |
| Nutrients we are unable to synthesize in our own cells are called ___________ ____________. | essential nutrients |
Created by:
johnnyharrod13
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