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Lipids

Aspects of Biochemistry

QuestionAnswer
What are two differences in structure of lipids and carbohydrates? 1) Lipids have more hydrogen and carbon than oxygen. 2) Lipids are not made of up of repeated monomers.
What are the two main categories of lipids? Main: Triglycerides and phospholipids. Other categories : waxes, steroids and cholesterol.
Describe the subunits of a triglyceride molecule. Glycerol and three fatty acids.
Describe the subunits of a phospholipid molecule. Glycerol, two fatty acid chains and a phosphate group.
Distinguish between saturated and unsaturated fatty acids. Saturated - no double bonds, usually solid at room temperature. Unsaturated - double bonds present, usually liquid at room temperature.
Lipids have more -CH groups than -OH groups. This makes them - non- polar and insoluble in water
Why are lipids more efficient for energy storage than carbohydrates? They are highly reduced molecules, containing many hydrogens. Many -CH groups present. When they are oxidised, much more energy is released than the same mass of carbohydrates or proteins.
What is the nature of the phosphate head of phospholipids? It is hydrophilic (attracts water).
What is the nature of fatty acid hydrocarbon chains? They are hydrophobic (repelling water).
What is a major function of phospholipids? The formation of cell surface membranes.
What happens to phospholipids when they come in contact with water? They may form spheres called micelles OR a bilayer with the hydrophilic heads outward and the tails facing each other.
What is the name of the bond which is formed between a glycerol molecule and a fatty acid chain? Ester (- COO) bond
How many water molecules are produced in the formation of 1 triglyceride molecule? 3
Fatty acids which we cannot make in our bodies and have to obtain from our food are known as - Essential fatty acids
Name one vitamin which is fat soluble and could not be dissolved if we had no fat in our bodies. Vitamin D
State three benefits of fats in the diet. 1) Energy production 2) Organ protection and energy reserve for periods of scarcity. 3) Thermal insulation
What happens if humans consume more food than they have a metabolic requirement for? Obesity, which can lead to several disorders.
What are adipose tissue? Loose connective tissue with cells which synthesize and store lipids.
This refers to a thick layer of fat found under the skin of marine animals such as whales and sea otters. Blubber
List 3 ways in which triglycerides are suitable for their function. 1) Large amounts of carbon and hydrogens- useful in energy production. 2) Low mass to volume ratio - much energy can be stored in a small volume. 3) Large and non-polar - insoluble in water, will not affect the water potential of cells.
List 3 ways in which phospholipids are suitable for their function. 1) Polar phosphate heads and hydrophobic tails allow bilayer arrangement of cell surface membranes. 2) Double bonds ('kinks') present in chains makes membrane more fluid. 3) Can combine with glycolipids - form receptors useful in cell recognition.
How much energy is stored in a hydrocarbon (C-H) bond? Approx. 98 kcal/mole
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