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Substance Abuse
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What are drugs? | Substances that modify or influence chemical reactions in the body. |
| What are legal drugs? | Drugs which are licensed by governments for use in a particular country. |
| What are illegal drugs? | Drugs which are banned, with severe penalties for sale, dealing and/or consumption in a particular country. |
| Define 'psychoactive' drug | These are drugs which interact with the central and/or peripheral nervous system. |
| State the three main categories of psychoactive drugs. | 1) Stimulants 2) Hallucinogens 3) Depressants |
| Describe the effect of stimulants. | They cause mental and/or physical functions to improve. Eg: nicotine, caffeine, amphetamines and cocaine |
| Describe the effect of hallucinogens. | They cause changes in mental states and the perception of one's surroundings. Eg. LSD, ganja, mescaline |
| Describe the effect of depressants. | They have inhibitory effects on the central and nervous systems. Eg. Alcohol, barbiturates and opiates (heroin, morphine and codeine) |
| What is drug abuse/misuse? | The overuse of substances that are socially accepted AND the use of any amount (no matter how limited) of illegal substances. |
| Define drug dependence | A state in which an individual feels a particular need to take a drug and removal of it leads to a certain degree of discomfort. |
| What is psychological dependence? | An emotional need for a drug which is characterized by an altered mental state such as depression when use is restricted. |
| What is physical dependence? | A physical need for a drug which is characterized by severe symptoms of bodily discomfort or pain when use is restricted. |
| What is drug tolerance? | The need for increased doses of a particular drug to regain the effect (the high) that it provides. |
| What are two possible causes of drug tolerance? | 1) Metabolism of the drug has increased so that its concentration in the body decreases quite readily 2) Neurones produce more receptors at synapses so that more of the drug is needed to occupy them and have the same effect. |
| What happens to alcohol (ethanol) after it is ingested? | It is rapidly absorbed in the stomach and diffuses readily across cell membranes. Most of it passes into the hepatic portal vein that drains directly into the liver. |
| Where is alcohol absorbed and oxidized? | Liver cells |
| How is alcohol used in liver cells? | As a source of energy and a precursor in the synthesis of fatty acids. |
| Which enzyme is used in the conversion of ethanol to ethanal in the liver? | alcohol dehydrogenase |
| Which enzyme is used to convert ethanal to ethanoate (acetate) in the liver? | ethanal dehydrogenase |
| Name the coenzyme involved in the oxidation of alcohol in the liver. | NAD |
| What is the significance of reduced NAD (NADH) which is produced in the metabolism of alcohol? | NADH is used to generate ATP. As a result, less fat is used to provide energy/ less need to oxidize fat. |
| What is the main short term consequence of drinking large amounts of alcohol (binge drinking)? | Fatty liver (alcohol-induced) The increased production of NADH decreases the need to oxidize fat for energy. Fat accumulates as droplets inside the cytoplasm of liver cells. |
| Where do we normally gain most of our energy? | From the metabolism of fat (not glucose). Triglycerides are broken down to fatty acids, which are then split into acetate groups that enter the Krebs cycle. |
| What are the three stages of alcoholic liver disease? | 1. Fatty liver (reversible with discontinued alcohol use) 2. Hepatitis (reversible with discontinued alcohol use) 3. Cirrhosis (irreversible) |
| What is alcohol induced hepatitis? | A condition which can develop in individuals who are continuous long-term drinkers. Liver tissue becomes inflamed. |
| What is liver cirrhosis? | The most severe stage of alcoholic liver disease in which fibrous tissues replace the liver cells. There becomes insufficient blood supply to cells. The liver begins to degenerate. |
| What is the effect of alcohol on secretion of histamine from mast cells? | It stimulates mast cells to release histamine. |
| What are the short terms effects of alcohol consumption on the nervous system? | It acts as a depressant - slowing down the CNS. It enhances the effects of GABA (an inhibitory neurotransmitter) and inhibits the effects of glutamate (an excitatory neurotransmitter) Effect is reduced inhibitions which affects behaviour. |
| What are long term effects of alcohol consumption on the nervous system? | 1. Demyelination - interferes with the myelin sheaths of Schwann cells which insulate neurones. Reduces speed of neurone transmission. 2. Polyneuropathy - destruction of neurones in the PNS 3. Dehydration of brain cells 4. Malnutrition B1 deficiency |
| What is a unit of alcohol? | The mass of alcohol that people metabolise in 1 hour. This is 8 grams. |
| Why is the recommended daily limit of alcohol lower for women than men? | Blood alcohol concentrations are higher in women than men when same amount of alcohol is consumed. Women have a smaller size and greater body fat. Alcohols tends to remain in blood rather than enter into tissues. |
| What is blood alcohol concentration? | The mass of alcohol in mg per 100cm3 of blood. |
| What is daily alcohol limit? | The recommended units of alcohol which should not ne exceeded daily based on gender. This was first provided by the British govt in 1987 but has since been updated as individuals interpret the limits incorrectly and misuse. |
| List the effects of 1-3 units of alcohol. | Reduced tension, relaxed feeling, increased confidence. |
| List the effects of 3-5 units of alcohol. | Euphoria, impaired judgement, loss of fine motor control, loss of inhibitions. |
| List the effects of 5-8 units of alcohol. | Slurred speech, impaired coordination, staggered walking, slow reaction times. |
| List the effects of 8-15 units of alcohol. | Loss of control of voluntary actions, loss of balance, erratic behaviour, signs of emotion and aggression. |
| List the effects of 16-26 units of alcohol. | Total loss of coordination, difficulty remaining upright, extreme confusion. |
| List the effects of >26 units of alcohol. | Coma, depression of breathing control centres in the brain, death. |
| What is the recommended daily limit for men (since 2012)? | 3-4 units with at least two days abstinence. |
| What is the recommended daily limit for women (since 2012)? | 2-3 units, with at least 2 days abstinence. |
| Does the recommended daily limit make it safe for everyone to drink those amounts once not exceeded? | No. Some persons do not have any safe amounts to consume based on their profession or health condition. Surgeons for example need to be sober and pregnant women should not consume alcohol. |
| List four negative behaviours which may arise from an individual's alcohol dependence. | 1. Absenteeism 2. Petty crime 3. Aggressive behaviour 4. Vandalism |
| What are some of the withdrawal symptoms that alcohol abusers may experience? | Irritability, nausea, sweating, insomnia, persistent shakes, high pulse rates, hallucinations (delirium tremens). These can lead to downward spiral ( mentally, physically, financially, breakdown in families, homelessness, poverty and destitution). |
| What is the maximum limit for drinking and driving in Barbados, Panama and Cuba? | Zero. It is illegal to drink and drive there. |
| In countries whose legal limit is 80 mg per 100cm3 of blood, what is the limit in breath as detected by the breathalyzer test? | 0.000035 grams per 100 cm3 |
| How many different chemicals can be found in tobacco smoke? | Over 4000 |
| List the 4 main substances in tobacco smoke which affect the gaseous exchange and cardiovascular systems. | tar, nicotine, carbon monoxide and carcinogens |
| Which two substances in tobacco smoke have an effect on the gas exchange system? | tar and carcinogens |
| Which two substances in tobacco smoke have an effect on the cardiovascular system? | nicotine and carbon monoxide |
| Describe the effect of tar on the gas exchange system. | It is an irritant, inflaming the epithelial lining of the respiratory tract Causes increased mucus secretion Inhibits action of cilia so mucus is not brought up but accumulates in bronchi Mucus provides environment for pathogens to grow |
| Why do smokers often experience 'smoker's cough'? | To remove accumulated mucus , dust and spores from their bronchi. |
| Name one of the main carcinogens in tobacco smoke. | Benzpyrene |
| Describe the effect of carbon monoxide on the gas exchange system. | CO diffuses into red blood cells where it combines irreversibly with haemoglobin to form carboxyhaemoglobin. Oxygen carrying capacity of the blood is significantly reduced. |
| Describe the effect of nicotine on the cardiovascular system. | Nicotine is a stimulant. It is rapidly absorbed and stimulates the sympathetic nervous system. This promotes the secretion of adrenaline from adrenal glands. Heart rate and blood pressure increases. It increases vasoconstriction and viscosity of blood. |
| State two effects of smoking which increase the chances of blood clots occurring in coronary arteries. | 1) Red blood cell production is increased making blood more viscous and difficult to pump. 2) Platelets are stimulated to release factors that promote blood clotting. |
| Why do smokers have a higher number of red blood cells? | Smoking deprives the bone marrow of oxygen, and it's tricked into thinking that it needs to boost its production of red blood cells, the carriers of oxygen. The blood cells crowd the circulation and cause blood to flow sluggishly. |
| What is mainstream smoke? | The smoke which comes from the filter/mouth ends of the cigarette. |
| What is sidestream smoke? | The smoke which from the burning tip (this makes up 85% of the smoke). This is what is inhaled by secondhand smokers (persons in close proximity to the smoker) |
| What are some withdrawal symptoms which a person with physical dependence on nicotine may experience? | Headaches, stomach pain, craving for a smoke, anxiety, tiredness, sweating, weight gain, increased appetite, irritability and insomnia. |
| What does COPD stand for? | Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease |
| Name two chronic smoking-related diseases. | Chronic bronchitis and emphysema. |
| What is bronchitis? | Inflammation of the bronchi and other air passages. It is characterized by a cough which brings up sputum. The inflammation causes extra mucus to be produced |
| Describe the progression of chronic bronchitis. | Lining of the bronchi gradually becomes more damaged leading to loss loss of cilia. Epithelial tissue becomes replaced by scar tissue. Mucus accumulates. Coughing becomes only way to clear mucus. Wheezing, breathlessness, swelling of feet, heart failure. |
| What is emphysema? | A disease in which the walls of the alveoli(tiny air spaces) gradually lose their elasticity and break down, producing larger air spaces. The affected person has to breathe more frequently to get enough oxygen. |
| What are the effects of emphysema on the heart? | As lung tissue deteriorates, blood vessels that carry blood to lungs for oxygen replenishment become narrowed/destroyed. Right side of heart works harder. Right ventricle enlarges, blood pressure increases, tissue fluid build up, heart failure possible |
| How do substances in smoke can lead to COPD? | Oxidants and free radicals in smoke trigger phagocytes to secrete protease enzymes. These chemicals are capable of digesting lung tissue.. |
| Which enzyme is specifically responsible for emphysema? | Elastin is the protein responsible for alveoli recoil as you exhale. Elastase (a protease enzyme) breaks elastin down, making it hard for people with emphysema exhale. |
| What is the main cause of almost all cases of lung cancer? | Smoking |
| What component of smoke causes lung cancer? | Carcinogens and co-carcinogens. |
| How do carcinogens cause cancer (part 1)? | They interact with DNA in bronchial epithelial cells, causing mutations. Cells become cancerous if the genes that control the cell cycle and mitosis mutate. |
| How do carcinogens cause cancer (part 2)? | If a mutated cell survives and evades destruction by lymphocytes, it can grow into a mass of cells (tumour) within the bronchial epithelium. Blood vessels and lymph vessels grow into the tumour supplying it with O2 and nutrients and growth continues. |
| What is a primary tumour? | A mass of cells (found in the wall of the bronchus (a bronchial carcinoma) in the case of lung cancer). |
| What is a secondary tumour? | A mass of cells in which broke off and spread through blood to other organs (e.g. liver) and lymph nodes. |
| Having learnt all this, what steps of action can you take to maintain good health? | Eat a balanced diet, exercise regularly, don't do drugs kids! |
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CAPE Biology Unit 2
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