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1) Meiosis
Biology Revision 2
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is sexual and asexual reproduction? Explain what they are | There's sexual and asexual reproduction. Sexual: 2 individuals give their offspring a unique combination of their genes Asexual: One individual passes its genes to its offspring. Offspring is clone of parent |
| What are examples of asexuals? | Amoeba,tree, jellyfish |
| What is a karyotype? | A picture of the number and appearance of a complete set of chromosomes in a cell |
| What is the type of reproduction that increases genetic variation? | Sexual reproduction |
| From what does genetic variation arises from? | 1) Mutation (DNA damage, mistake in DNA reproduction) 2)Genetic recombination (from sexual reproduction) |
| Meiosis is ... reproduction | sexual |
| What produces haploid gametes? | Meiosis |
| Male gamete do what? | travel |
| Female gametes do what? | stores food |
| What are gametes? | Sex cells |
| What is haploid? What is the haploid number for human gamete? | Haploid is one set of chromosome, n=23 for humans |
| What is diploid? What is the diploid number for human gametes? | Diploid is two sets of chromosomes, 2n=46 for humans |
| What is meiosis? | Sexual cell division of a diploid parent to make 4 haploid gametes. |
| Draw the little diagram with n and 2n of meiosis | First division (parent cell)=2n, Second Division (DNA replica)=2n, Third/Forth Division (2 daughter cells)=2n, Fifth Division (4 daughter cells)=n |
| Recall what is mitosis? | Somatic cell division which makes 2 daughter cells that are identical to parent |
| For males, a gamete is... and for female it's... | sperm and egg |
| What is called the fusion of gametes? What does it produce? What does the product contain? | fertilization/syngamy. It produces a single cell called zygote. Zygotes contain 2 copies of each chromosome (so 4 in total) |
| Draw the little diagram of gamete fusions | Haploid sperm + Haploid egg = Fertilization = Diploid zygote |
| How many chromosomes does a somatic cell have and how many does a sex cell have (gamete)? | Somatic have 4 chromosomes and sex cells have 2 chromosomes. |
| SO gametes have ... set of chromosomes. They are... | 1 pair of chromosome, haploid |
| SO somatic cells have ... set of chromosomes. They are... | 2 pairs of chromosomes, diploid |
| How are gametes transformed? | By meiosis! |
| What is an allele? | Alternative version of a gene |
| What is a homologous chromosome? | A pair of chromosome that have the same gene sequence, each derived from one parent |
| What is synapsis? When does it occur? | Homologous chromosomes join together and crossing over occurs. Happens in prophase 1 |
| What is the goal of crossing over? | Insures that every gamete has a unique combination of genes |
| What is crossing over? | Crossing over is the swapping of genetic material that occurs in the germ line. (When you draw the chrosomoses with dif. color) |
| How many divisions for meiosis? | 2 |
| What happens in prophase 1? | Chromosomes condenses, spindle begin to form, DNA is replicated and consist of 2 sister chromatids, homologous chromosome pair up and crossing over occurs (forms chiasmata which holds homologous chromosomes together) |
| What happens in metaphase 1? | Homologous chromosomes align along metaphase plate, spindle fiber from opposing poles connect to each homologue of a chromosome. |
| What happens in anaphase 1? | Homologous pairs are pulled apart, each homologue to opposite poles of cell, sister chromatifs ARE NOT separated (unlike anaphase of mitosis) |
| What happens in telophase 1? | Chromosome decondenses, nuclear membrane reforms. The resulting 2 cells have half the # of chromosomes of the OG cell, so forms 2 haploid daughter. |
| What happens in prophase 2? | Nuclear membrane dissolves, chromosomes condenses, centrosome move to opposite pole (perpendicular to before) |
| What happens in metaphase 2? | Spindle fiber form, centrosome attach to chromosome and align along cell equator |
| What happens in anaphase 2? | Spindle fiber separate sister chromatids, chromatids (now called chromosomes) move to opposing poles |
| What happens in telophase 2? | Chromosome condenses, nuclear membrane reforms, cells divide (cytokenis) to form 4 haploid daughter cells. |
| What is the outcome of meiosis? | 4 daughter cells (n) |
| What are the differences between mitosis and meiosis? | Mitosis, 1 division and meiosis, 2 divisions. Mitosis in somatic/body cells and meiosis in reproductive cells. Mitosis produces 2 daughter cells, identical to parent cell, diploid (2 sets, 2n). Meiosis produces 4 daughter, unique and haploid (1 set, n). |
| What are the differences between mitosis and meiosis in division stages? | Crossing over in prophase1 meiosis, not in mitosis. Independent assortment of homo. chromo. in metaphase 1 meiosis, not in mitosis. Separation of sister chromatids in anaphase mitosis ( anaphase 2 for meiosis), anaphase 1 meiosis=separation of homo chromo |
| What is independent assortment? | You don't get all the maternal chromosomes in one daughter cell and all the paternal chromosomes in the other cell. Instead, each haploid cell contains random mix of relative's allele (grandma, mom, dad, ect). Intro to genetic variation with this (IA). |
Created by:
Malayka
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