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Bio Chapters 1-3
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Cell | Smallest living function of life |
| 2 types of living things | Unicellular (bacteria); Multicellular (animal) |
| When "some guy" was the first described what he saw as "cells", what was he looking at? | A cork |
| What did the guy who discovered single celled organisms call them? | Animolcules |
| Louis Pasteur | One of the fathers of the "Germ theory" |
| The Germ Theory | The idea that microscopic organisms are responsible for illness |
| The Cell Theory | 1. Cells are the basic unit of life. 2. All organisms are made of 1+ cells. 3. All cells come from already existing cells. |
| Cell membrane | A thin layer of lipid and protein that separates the cell contents from its environment; like a barrier with gates |
| Lipid Bilayer | Phospholipids facing each other, tail to tail, creating the membrane; heads like water while tails repel it, keeping water from outside going in and vice versa. |
| Hydrophilic and Hydrophobic | the head of phospholipid likes water and is hydrophilic, the tail repels water and is hydrophobic. (A way to remember this is that the tail is hydro-PHOBIC, afraid of the water) |
| semipermeable membrane | The cell's membrane allows some things through and prevents others |
| 2 ways materials pass through a cell's membrane | Passive transport: No need for ATP energy. Active tansport: needs ATP energy. |
| 2 types of Passive transport | 1.Simple Diffusion. 2.Facilitated Diffusion |
| Simple Diffusion | the random movement of molecules from areas of a higher concentration of molecules to areas of a lower concentration of molecules. |
| Facilitated Diffusion | Balancing amount of molecules on both sides but requires the use of carrier proteins to get through the membrane |
| Osmosis | the diffusion of water across a semipermeable membrane. Water moves from solution with a lower solute concentration to solutions with a higher solute concentration. Only the water moves, |
| 3 different reaction of cells to osmotic effects of different water concentrations | hypertonic; Isotonic; hypotonic |
| Spontaneous generation | The theory that things that are not alive can become alive |
| Francesco Redi Experiment | meat in 3 bottles: open, mesh covered, and cork covered. Open had flies inside, mesh had flies outside, cork had no flies. |
| Biogenesis | The theory that each species already exists and reproduces itself. |
| Characteristics of all living things | Organization; Energy; Growth/Development; Reproduction; Response/Adaptation |
| Organization | atom; cell; tissue; organ; organ system; organism; population; community; ecosystem; biosphere |
| Stimulus response | Organism response to things in environment over a short time |
| Evolve | organisms adapt to environment over a long period of time. |
| extinct | happens when an organism cannot adapt |
| predator-prey relationship | Some animals (predator) needs to kill and eat other animals (prey) to survive. |
| Symbiosis | Animal relationships; organisms depend on each other |
| Mutualism | both partners in a relationship benefit |
| Commensalism | one partner benefits and one isn't affected |
| Parasitism | one partner benefits and the other is harmed |
| Scientific Method | Observation; hypothesis; experiments; result |
| fact | something observable, unarguable |
| theory | The conclusion of an experiment |
| hypothesis | a possible explanation for why something is |
| law | a mathematical statement based on repeated experiments or observations that doesn't change |
| 3 types of carbohydrates | sugar; starch; cellulose |
| Biomolecule | the things that make up an organism |
| carbohydrates | compounds that store energy in your body and provide shape for plants |
| 3 forms of sugar | Monosaccharide: one sugar. Disaccharide: two sugars. Polysaccharide: many sugars. |
| Polysaccharides storing energy in animals | glycogen |
| Polysaccharides storing energy in plants | starch |
| Starch | A plant's way of storing energy with polysaccharides. |
| Why do athletes eat a lot of starch? | The carbs are broken down in their bodies and stored as glycogen that can be broken down into simple sugars for energy |
| cellulose | Gives plants shape: forms together to make stings called micro fibril which make cell walls. |
| 5 kinds of lipids | fat; oils; wax; phospholipid; steroids |
| fat | long term energy storage (as solid); insolation |
| oils | long term energy storage (as liquid) |
| Wax | protection against water |
| phospholipid | forms the membrane of cells; decides what goes in and out of cells. |
| steroids | Structural and control: Cholesterol part of a cell membrane; hormones |
| Proteins | Large, complex molecules comprised of smaller comecules called amino acids. |
| Amount of amino acids in a protein | 20 amino acids |
| 6 functions of proteins | Movement; structure; Regulation; Transport; Nutrition; Defense |
| Nucleic acids | Large complex molecules that carry genetic information such as DNA and RNA (a.k.a. "Blueprint of cells" |
| Periodic table of Elements | The table that organizes the elements into groups of similar structure of atoms |
| Atom | fundamental unit of all elements |
| 3 parts of an atom | protons (+); Electrons (-); Neutrons (0) |
| location of electrons, neutrons, and protons in an atom | electrons: orbit the atom's nucleus. protons and neutrons: compose the atom's nucleus. |
| Atomic number | Number on the top of an element on the periodic table. Represents the number of protons (and the number of electrons since there is usually and equal amount.) |
| Atomic symbol | 1 or 2 letters in the center of an element on the periodic table. Short representation of the element. |
| Atomic mass | Number on the bottom of an element on the periodic table. Represents the total mass of protons and neutrons. |
| Ion | an element that loses or gains electrons; less electrons- positive ion; more electrons- negative ion. |
| Isotope | atoms of the same element that have a different number of neutrons. Its nucleus could become unstable, break apart, and give off radiation. |
| 2 types of chemical bonds | Ionic bond; Covalent bond |
| Ionic bond | atoms are attracted through opposite electron charge and transfer an electron from one atom to the other; |
| Covalent bond | elections are shared between two atoms; can create molecules |
| molecule | 2+ atoms of the same element are joined together |
| compound | 2+ atoms of different elements are joined together |
| 2 types of covalent bonds | Polar: covalent bonds are NOT shared equally. Nonpolar: covalent bonds are shared equally (all atoms at 0). |
| Chemical reactions | When 1+ substances are changed into a new substance by breaking or forming chemical bonds. |
| Needed to form or break a bond | Energy |
| What heat does in a chemical reaction | Speeds up the reaction |
| Catalyst | A protein that can help speed up or slow a chemical reaction; living organism use catalysts called enzymes |
| Enzymes | A protein catalyst; speeds up or slows down chemical reactions in an organism (ex: breaks down food) |
| Metabolism | The combination of all chemical changes that take place in an organism |
| Homeostasis | What the body does to keep itself balanced |
| Two components of a solution | Solute: the substance that is dissolved in a solution (ex: sugar). Solvent: The dissolving substance (ex: water). |
| Solutions | uniform mixtures of 2+ substances. The 2 substances are mixed to the point when they are undistinguishable. |
| Hydrogen bonding | weak chemical bonds between hydrogen and other atoms. |
| Cohesion | water molecules sticking together through hydrogen bonds. |
| What cohesion does | Causes surface tension- a boundary formed on the surface. Helps water to travel upward in plants in tubes called xylem. |
| Expansion | water expands when it freezes. It's the only element that is less dense when it freezes. |
| What happens when an ionic bond is placed in water? | the compound breaks apart and releases ions. |
| Acid | compound that releases hydrogen |
| Base | compound that releases hydroxide |
| Salt | compound that releases neither hydrogen or hydroxide. |
| The pH (potential Hydrogen) scale | the standard measurement of the concentration of hydrogen in a solution |
| range of a pH scale | 0-14. 7 is neutral: pure water |
| Where almost all chemical reactions take place on a pH scale: | between 6 and 8. |
| Hypotonic solution | more water will go into the cell since there is a higher concentration of molecules inside the cell. The cell can burst from too much water. |
| Isotonic solution | No water moves since there is an equal concentration of molecules inside and outside the cell. |
| Hypertonic solution | Water moves out of the cell since there is a higher concentration of molecules out of the cell. The cell can shrivel up and become unhealthy. |
| Cytoplasm | The substance that fills the cell that everything in the cell floats in. |
| Organelles | the parts inside a cell. |
| Cytoskeleton | A network of protein fibers and tubes extending throughout the Cytoplasm. Gives the cell support and shape. |
| Nucleus | The "center" of the cell |
| Chromatin | Inside the Nucleus; all of the genetic material of a cell needed to make new cells and to run the cell; surround the Nucleolus |
| Nuclear envelope | Separates the Nucleus from cytoplasm |
| Nuclear pores | holes in the nuclear envelop that allow compounds in and out of the Nucleus. |
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Honey Bunches
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