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Cell respiration 1&2
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Inputs of glycolysis | glucose |
| Outputs of glycolysis | 2 pyruvate; 2 NADH; 2 ATP |
| Inputs of glucose oxidation(pyruvate processing) | Pyruvate; NAD+ |
| outputs of glucose oxidation(pyruvate processing) | Acetyl CoA; CO2; NADH |
| Inputs of citric acid | Acetyl CoA; 3 NAD+; FAD; ADP |
| Outputs of citric acid | 2CO2; 3 NADH; FADH2; ATP |
| Inputs of oxidative phosphorylation | NADH; FADH2+; O2 |
| Outputs of oxidative phosphorylation | NAD+; FAD; H2O |
| Inputs of lactic acid fermentation | NADH, pyruvate |
| Outputs of lactic acid fermentation | NAD+ |
| where does glycolysis occur in the cell? | in the cytosol of eukaryotes and prokaryotes |
| where does pyruvate processing occur in the cell? | in the mitochondrial matrix or cytosol of prokaryotes |
| where does the citric acid cycle occur in the cell? | in the mitochondrial matrix or cytosol in prokaryotes |
| where does electron transport chain(ETC) and oxidative phosphorylation occur in the cell? | in the inner membrane of mitochondria or the plasma membrane of prokaryotes |
| energy investment phase | the investment of 2 ATP molecules and results in the formation of two molecules of glyceraldehyde phosphate this increases the potential energy of glucose to split in half |
| energy payoff phase | Phosphates are removed as pyruvate is formed 4 ATP; 2 NADH are gained |
| substrate-level phosphorylation | enzyme catalyzed reactions that result in ATP formation |
| oxidative phosphorylation | ATP is formed as a result of transfer of electrons from NADH or FADH2 to O2 by electron carriers. |
| Step 1: Glycolysis | Glucose---> 2 pyruvate+ 2NADH+ 2 ATP |
| Step 2: Pyruvate oxidation | Pyruvate+ NAD+---> Acetyl CoA+ CO2+NADH |
| what is being reduced during the conversion from pyruvate to acetyl CoA? | NAD+ is reduced into NADH |
| Step 3: Citric Acid Cycle | Acetyl CoA + 3 NAD+ + FAD + ADP-----> 2 CO2 + 3 NADH + FADH2+ ATP |
| Citric Acid cycle- Reaction 1 | 1. Acetyl CoA 2C combined with 4C molecule to form 6C molecule |
| Citric Acid cycle- Reaction 2 | 2. Isomerization: rearranging the molecules no inputs or outputs |
| Citric Acid cycle- Reaction 3 | 3. Redox reaction: isocitrate is being oxidized(losing an electron) and NAD+ is being reduced(gaining an electron) |
| Citric Acid cycle- Reaction 5 | 5. substrate-level phosphorylation because the product is ATP |
| Citric Acid cycle- Reaction 6 | 6. Redox reaction: succinate is being oxidized( losing an electron) and FAD is reduced( gaining an electron) |
| Citric Acid cycle- Reaction 8 | 8. Redox reaction: malate is being oxidized(losing an electron) and NAD+ is being reduced(gaining an electron) into NADH + H+ |
| Citric Acid cycle- Reaction 4 and 7 | 4. a-ketoglutarate is oxidized, CO2 is removed, coenzyme A is added to form 4 carbon compound. 7. water is added to the 4C molecule fumarate, converting it into another 4C molecule called malate. |
| Step 4: ETC and oxidative phosphorylation | NADH+ FADH2+ O2----> NAD+ + FAD+ H2O |
| Electron transport chain(ETC) | coordinate series of redox reaction established a proton gradient O2 is the final electron acceptor |
| Oxidative phosphorylation | proton gradient drives motor protein to produce ATP this is the primary method of ATP production in cells |
| how does the electron transport chain contribute to ATP production? | protons flow down their concentration gradient into the matrix through the membrane protein ATP synthase, causing it to spin(like a water wheel) and catalyze the conversion of ADP to ATP. |
| Proton motive force | promotes movement of protons across membranes downhill the electrochemical potential. |
| what is the final electron acceptor? | O2 |
| chemiosmosis | Use of proton gradient to drive energy-requiring process |
| Aerobic respiration | process of cellular respiration that takes place in the presence of oxygen gas to produce energy from food. |
| Anaerobic respiration | process of cellular respiration that takes place in the absence of oxygen gas. |
| what is the final electron acceptor in anaerobic respiration? | Nitrate(NO3), fumarate, sulfate(SO42), iron(Fe3+) because O2 is most electronegative |
| Obligate anaerobes | organisms that rely entirely on anaerobic; O2 is poisonous(its too strong for them) |
| Facultative anaerobes | organisms that can use O2 if it's available, but can survive using fermentation |
| Obligate aerobes | organisms that require O2 no matter what although some can use fermentation for short periods of time. |
| Fermentation | metabolic pathway that regenerates NAD+ by oxidizing(losing an electron) stockpiles of NADH |
| Lactic acid fermentation | cells produce ATP without the presence of O2 only glycolysis occurs. |
| Alcohol fermentation | glucose is converted into ethanol, CO2 |
| What is oxidized and reduced in the lactic acid fermentation? | NADH is oxidized(loses an electron) by pyruvate pyruvate is reduced to lactate |
| How does the lack of O2 lead to the occurrence of fermentation? | Fermentation doesn't require the presence of O2 |
Created by:
clara22
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