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bio 3/4
changes in biodiversity over time
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is the order of earths geological history? | Bacteria, cynobacteria, multicellular organisms, corals, fish, insects, mammals, bird and flowering plants. |
| What is the fossil record? | Total number of fossils that have been discovered, providing evidence of evolution through geological time (where they live, what they looked like, etc.) |
| What are the types of fossils? | Impression; entire organism decays and internal shape remains. Mineralised; minerals replace spaces. Trace; preserved animals’ activity or behaviour. Mummified; trapped under a substance that reduces decay. |
| What is relative dating? | Based on stratigraphy. Compares relative positions of the rock and the lowest stratum is oldest. |
| What is absolute dating? | Includes; radiometric dating; determines the proportion of particular radioactive elements. Thermoluminescence; measures amount of light emitted. Electron-spin resonance; dates calcium carbonate. |
| What are the steps of fossilisation? | Reduce chance of oxygen decomposition or found by scavengers, sediments preserve organism. Over time, temperature increase, water is squeezed out, sediments became solid rock. |
| What is biogeography? | The study of distribution of organisms, through the division of marine and land regions. |
| What is structural morphology? | Studying the body structures give insights into relationships between species. |
| What is the difference between vestigial, homologous and analogous features? | Homologous; similar due to ancestry, may have different functions. Analogous; features that may have similar functions however not due to common ancestry. Vestigial; structures that have little to no function. |
| What is developmental biology? | Studies the process of how an organism change from a zygote to an adult and the evolutionary process. |
| What is divergent evolution? | Evolution of two different species or population from a common ancestral species. Their homologous structures may develop different structures. |
| What is convergent evolution? | Evolution through natural selection of similar features in unrelated groups of organisms. Analogous structures that develop to become more alike. |
| What is a mass extinction? | Large scale disruptive changes in global climate, loss of sea, or land due to continental drift can change selection pressures. |
| What is molecular homology? | If species share a set if proteins, chromosomes or DNA, it is evidence of a common ancestor. As time passes, more mutations accumulate and separate the species further. |
| How can amino acid sequences be used as a molecular homology? | As mutations start occurring with divergent evolution, there is an accumulation of different amino acid sequence. |
| What are the three types of amino acid sequence substitution? | Conservative; amino acid substituted with another and no change in protein. Semi-conservative; a replacement of amino acids, possibly a different protein. Non-conservative; substitution with a very different amino acid, leads to a major change. |
| What is a mutation rate? | Change in DNA over time, can be expressed as the number of nucleotides changes every million years. By assessing the mutation rate in a DNA region, it can be estimated how long the two species have been diverged. |
| What are limitations of using a molecular clock? | Assumes rate of genetic change, always be genetic changes by natural selection, some sections of DNA mutate more frequently than others. |
| What is mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA)? | Mitochondrial DNA is passed down the maternal line of genetics and cannot be repaired and accumulate. |
| What is the DNA hybridisation technique? | Determines the similarity between sections of DNA in two species. Sections with similar nucleotides sequences will form hybrid double stranded DNA. If the strands bond with high temperatures is more relatedness. |
| Explain the steps of the DNA hybridisation technique: | The strands are heated to break bonds, then cooled and placed together, then reheated to attach the two single stranded DNA strands from the two different species. |
| What is a master regulatory gene? | Controls the development of embryonic stem cells into different cell types that will result in structures of an organism, eg. eyes and legs. Mutations in master regulatory genes can cause major phenotype changes. |
| What is heterochrony? | Controls the rate and timing of expression of genes. Causes gene expression to be slowed, or sped up. |
| What is the master regulatory gene in cichlid fish from East Africa? | BMP4 controls the cichlids fish jaw phenotype. High BMP4 results in a robust, heavy jaw and a low BMP4 means a longer slender jaw. |
| What is the master regulatory gene in the Galapagos bland finches? | High BMP4 means a wide deep beak, low BMP4 means a small slender beak. Also, a high CaM results in a long beak. |
Created by:
lucyokane
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