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bio 3/4
biological knowledge and society
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is gene cloning? | Technology that uses DNA manipulation to create copies of a gene of interest. |
| What are the two methods of gene cloning? | In vivo is the use of restriction enzymes, ligases and vectors to create a transformed bacterium. In vitro is using PCR to amplify the target DNA fragment. |
| What is an ethical, social and biological implication/issues of gene cloning? | Ethical – manipulation or shifting of genes may be seen as unethical. Social – wider access to treatments. Biological – new, safer vaccines possible. |
| How to achieve gene cloning as a type of therapy? | Remove cells from the body, inserting genes into cells, then returning the cells into the patient, or inserting the gene directly into the affected area using a vector |
| What are the two ways to use vectors though gene cloning therapy? | Viral vectors are naturally inserting genes into cells, eg. Adeno Associated Virus (AAV). Liposomes are phospholipid vesicles that diffuse across the cell membrane or enter by endocytosis, ideal for drug delivery. |
| What is DNA profiling? | It is used to identity one individual from another through the use of finding differences in one’s polymorphisms (introns), specifically examining short tandem repeats (STR’s) |
| What are techniques to DNA profiling? | Gel electrophoresis can compare the lengths of STR’s and the capillary method compares the peaks of a graph (number of str’s in a particular region). |
| What are some implications and issues to do with DNA profiling? | Incorrectly identifying an individual due to contamination, privacy issues, storage of DNA samples and ownership of the information. |
| What is genetic screening? | Used to detect abnormalities or changes to genes and can confirm or rule out genetic conditions and whether a person is a carrier for a particular gene. |
| What are the techniques involved in genetic screening? | PCR, gel electrophoresis, restriction enzymes and DNA probes, fluorescently tagged complementary DNA sequence to a gene or mutation of interest (in situ hybridisation) |
| What are the three common ages for genetic screening? | Embryos – testing in IVF for a ‘healthy' one. Foetus (9-20 weeks) – Fluid taken from around the foetus (amniocentesis) or from the placenta (chronic villus sampling, CVS) - invasive and chance of miscarriage. Postnatal – for diseases eg, PKU |
| What is an ethical, social and biological implication/issue of genetic screening? | Ethical/legal – security of stored genetic data. Social – privacy and discrimination. Biological – intervention in evolution (altered inheritance). |
| What is the difference between a genetically modified organism and a transgenic organism? | A genetically modified organism is an organism with an altered gene, whereas, a transgenic organism has had a gene inserted from a different species. |
| What are uses for transgenic organism in agriculture and insect resistance? | Transgenic crops are designed to have increased productivity and provide resistance to insect predation and prevent disease. For example, salt tolerant wheat, Bt cotton – a protein that disrupts caterpillars stomach lining and golden rice. |
| How are biological vectors used in transgenic organisms? | Agrobacterium tumefaciens is a soil bacterium that can naturally transfer plasmids into plant cells. Bacteria normally causes tumours, but a recombinant plasmid containing the gene of interest is introduced via the bacterium tumefaciens. |
| What is an ethical, social and biological implication/issue of transgenic organisms? | Ethical – violation of animal rights. Social – increased food supply, nutritional content and food quality. Biological – safety of consuming GMOs. |
| What is the difference between an epidemic and a pandemic? | An epidemic is the rapid spread of a disease to a large number of people. Whereas a pandemic is when the spread of a disease reaches global proportions |
| What are the 7 strategies to controlling and containing a disease? | Prevention, isolation and quarantine, control barriers, eradication of vectors, vaccination, education, and response plans. |
| What tools can be used to identify the pathogen? | Gel electrophoresis can detect DNA and their proteins from viruses or bacterial toxins, PCR can be used to identify pathogen DNA and ELISA (enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay) used to identify antibodies in an organism. |
| What are the types of treatments? | For viruses it is antiviral drugs, for retrovirus is any antiretroviral drug that minimise virus load, for bacterial infections it is antibiotics and combination therapies are often used to target pathogens. |
| What is the concept of rational drug design? | Designed drugs have complementary shapes or changes to the active sites of the pathogens or molecule that will mimic or block the action of the disease-causing agent. |
| What is Relenza? | One of the first antiviral drugs made using rational drug design. |
| How does Neuraminidase work? | Neuraminidase, surface of influenza, cuts the connection between the host cell membrane and haemagglutinin, allowing for the new virions to escape from host cell and infect new cells. Targeting the neuraminidase will stop the release of new viruses. |
| How does Relenza target Neuraminidase? | Relenza has the complementary shape to the active site of neuraminidase and the opposite charge. |
| What is the mode of action for antibiotics? | Antibiotics damage cells, target biochemical pathways and molecules specific to the microbe (ribosomes, cell walls, enzymes for DNA and RNA). |
| What is the mode of action for antiviral drugs? | Antivirals prevent virus from entering cell, block receptors, transcription and translation, inhibit enzymes from replicating viral genomes and prevents virus from leaving the cell. |
| What are 4 chemical agents used against pathogens? | Disinfectants kill pathogens on surfaces, antiseptics kill pathogens on the body, antibiotics treat bacterial infections, and antiviral drugs treat viruses. |
Created by:
lucyokane
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