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bio 3/4

immunity

QuestionAnswer
What is the difference between natural and artificial immunity? Natural immunity means the antigens enter the body naturally or through a mother. Artificially immunity is antibodies introduced via serum or injection to serve a purpose.
What is the difference between active and passive immunity? Active immunity is the individuals own immune response is activated and immunological memory is developed, whereas passive immunity does not activate the individual’s immune response and no immunological memory is developed.
What is herd immunity? A form of immunity that occurs when a vaccination of a significant proportion of a population (herd) occurs and provides a measure of protection for those individuals who have not developed immunity.
What is the result of herd immunity? Makes it difficult for a disease to spread (few susceptible) and extremely important for people who cannot be vaccinated, eg. Too young, or compromised immune system.
What is a live attenuated vaccine? Weakened living microbe (range of antigens), results in long-lasting immunity due to strong stimulation of adaptive immunity, does not require a booster shot.
What is an inactivated vaccine? Microbes killed by heat, radiation etc., it is safe for people with weakened immune systems, however requires a booster shot.
What is a subunit vaccine? Contains part of a microbe or fraction of an antigen, it is safe for people with weakened immune systems, however requires a booster shot.
What is an autoimmune disease? Body fails to recognise self from non-self (b and t lymphocytes attack certain tissues in the body).
What is Multiple Sclerosis? An autoimmune disease where the T helper, cytotoxic and B lymphocytes target the myelin sheath, this damages the nerve axon and results in poor nerve conduction.
What is an immune deficiency disease? Occurs when the body fails to produce antibodies and the person lacks protection against pathogens
What is HIV? RNA in HIV converts to DNA and inserted into host cell, and is expressed and replicates. Impairs immune function and evades it, T helper lymphocytes are infected which weakens the immune system. Low immune cell count leads to the development of AIDS.
What is an allergic reaction? Occurs when the body overreacts to usually harmless antigens, results in excessive levels of histamines released from damaged mast cells.
What does an allergic reaction to pollen look like? Pollen is a type of allergen. Secondary exposure to pollen leads to degranulation of the mast cells and results in the release of histamines and dilates the blood vessels.
What is a monoclonal antibody? Antibodies produced by a single clone of a B lymphocyte grown in culture to target specific tumour cell antigens. Can be modified for delivery of toxin, radioisotope and cytokine.
How is a monoclonal antibody used in cancer treatment? It makes the cancer cell more visible, blocks receptors, stops new formation of blood vessels, delivering of radiation or chemotherapy.
What is a humanised monoclonal antibody? Transgenic antibodies that can induce a human adaptive immune response. Includes human components so it safer and more effective.
What is a conjugated/bispecific mAB? Conjugated antibodies are monoclonal antibodies attached to chemotherapy drug, toxin or radioactive particle. This is effective more a more localised form of treatment. Bispecific is an artificially produced antibodies that have 2 different binding sites.
Created by: lucyokane
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