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Biology Chapter 4
The Structure of a Cell
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is the unified cell theory? | One or more cells comprise all living things, the cell is the basic unit of life, and new cells come from existing cells. |
| How does a light microscope work? | It uses a beam of visible light that passes through the lens system to enable vision of an organism. |
| How does an electron microscope work? | This uses a beam of electrons that pass through a lens system. It gives more clarity and higher resolving power. |
| What is a prokaryotic cell? | This is a simple, mostly single-celled organism that lacks a nucleus, or any other membrane-bound organelle. The prokaryote holds its DNA in the nucleoid. |
| Name the parts of a prokaryotic cell. | Nucleoid region, chromosome (DNA), ribosomes, cell membrane, cell wall, capsule, pili, and flagellum |
| What is a eukaryotic cell? | This cell has a membrane-bound nucleus, many membrane-bound organelles, and many rod-shaped chromosomes. |
| Name the parts of a eukaryotic cell. | Plasma membrane, cytoplasm, nucleus, nuclear envelope, chromatin and chromosomes, the nucleolus, ribosomes, mitochondria, peroxisomes, vesicles and vacuoles, centrosome, lysosome, Golgi apparatus, smooth and rough endoplasmic reticulum |
| What are the components of the cytoskeleton? | Microtubules (maintain cell shape), centrosome (microtubule organizing center), intermediate filaments (fibrous proteins holding organelles in place), and microfilaments (Fibrous proteins that form cellular cortex). |
| What is the purpose of the nucleolus? | To produce ribosomes. |
| Briefly describe the plasma membrane. | A phospholipid bilayer that separates the internal contents of a cell from the surrounding environment. |
| What is the cytoplasm? | This is the cell's entire region between the plasma membrane and nuclear envelope. It is made up of cytosol, the cytoskeleton, and various chemicals. |
| What is the purpose of the nucleus? | It houses DNA and directs the synthesis of ribosomes and proteins. |
| What is the nuclear envelope? | It is a double-membrane structure that makes the nucleus' outermost portion. Inside you find nucleoplasm, where chromatin and the nucleolus reside. |
| What is the nucleolus? | It groups the ribosomal RNA with the needed proteins to assemble the ribosomal subunits. |
| What is the function of the ribosome? | To make proteins. This organelle is composed of two units. |
| Describe the function of the mitrochondria. | It makes ATP (adenosine triphosphate), the energy source of the cell. This organelle contains its own DNA and ribosomes. |
| What is a peroxisome? | This organelle detoxifies the cell and breaks down fatty acids and amino acids. |
| What is a vesicle and vacuole? | These membrane-bound sacs function in storage and transport. Vacuoles are larger than vesicles. |
| What is the centrosome? | A microtubule-organizing center found near the nuclei of an animal cell. Comes in pairs lying perpendicular to each other. Resemble a cylinder. |
| Define lysosome. | This organelle digests macromolecules, destroys pathogens, and worn out organelles. Inside the organelle, it has a lower pH than the rest of the cell. |
| What are the different organelles that plant cells have that animal cells do not? | Plant cells have a cell wall, chloroplasts, and central vacuole. |
| What is the endomembrane system? | A group of membranes and organelles in eukaryotic cells that work together to modify, package, and transport lipids and proteins. |
| What comprises the endomembrane system? | The nuclear envelope, lysosomes, vesicles, Golgi apparatus, and endoplasmic reticulum (smooth and rough). |
| What is the rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER)? | This is a membrane that has ribosomes attached to it where it takes the produced proteins and modifies them. It also makes phospholipids for cellular membranes. |
| Define what the endoplasmic reticulum is. | A series of interconnected membranous sacs and tubules that collectively modify proteins and synthesize lipids. |
| Define the smooth endoplasmic reticulum. | This membrane is continuous with the RER, but has little to no ribosomes. The SER is responsible for synthesizing carbohydrates, lipids, and steroid hormones; detoxification of medications and poisons; and storing calcium ions. |
| What is the Golgi apparatus? | This series of flattened membranes sorts, tags, packages, and distributes lipids and proteins to send them to the correct places |
| What are microfilaments and what is their puprpose? | These protein fibers are the smallest of the fibers of the cytoskeleton, and function in cellular movement. Made from actin. Actin works in tandem with myosin, a motor protein to contract muscles. |
| Describe intermediate filaments. | This is the midsize of the cytoskeleton filaments. Their main function is to provide structure and bear tension and anchor the nucleus and other organelles in place. |
| What are microtubules? | These are the largest filaments in the cytoskeleton. Their primary function is to resist compression and provide a track for vesicles to move on, as well as pull duplicated chromosomes to opposite sides of a dividing cell. Made of a-tubulin and b-tubulin. |
| What is the extracellular matrix? | This is made of a network of proteins and carbohydrates, the most abundant is collagen fibers. It holds cells together to form tissues, and allows cells within the tissue to communicate with each other. |
| Define plasmodesmata. | Only occurs in plant cells; allows a pathway to be made from cell to cell to enable transport of materials. |
| What is a tight junction? | This is a watertight seal between two animal cells. Proteins (mainly claudins and occludins) tightly hold the cells together. This junction is found in skin cells |
| Define desmosomes. | This only occurs in animal cells and acts like welds between epithelial cells. Cadherins, short proteins, connect intermediate filaments to create desmosomes. Usually found as sheet-like formations in tissues/organs that stretch (heart). |
| What is a gap junction? | These act like channels between animal cells to transport ions, nutrients, and other things. This develops when a set of 6 proteins (connexins) arrange themselves in elongated donut-like shapes in the plasma membrane. |
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tali_Alley
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