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Biology Chapter 3

Macromolecules

QuestionAnswer
Dehydration synthesis leads to the formation of______ Polymers
What reaction breaks down polymers? Hydrolysis
What is an aldose? A monosaccharide containing an aldehyde group (-CHO)
What is a ketose? A monosaccharide containing a ketone (C=O)
Common monosaccharides? Glucose, galactose, and fructose.
Types of Lipids? Steroids, phospholipids, fats, oils, and waxes.
What is a lipid? A macromolecule that is nonpolar in nature. Made up of fatty acids.
What is a protein? A macromolecule made of amino acids and is one of the most abundant organic molecules in living systems.
What is the quaternary structure of a protein? When many polypeptides link together. Contains more than one amino acid chain.
What are the classes of macromolecules? Carbohydrates, Lipids, Proteins, and Nucleic acids
What functions do carbohydrates serve? Mainly structure for larger organisms, and energy for smaller organisms
What is a disaccharide made of? Two monomers linked by dehydration synthesis
Define amylose Glucose molecules linked by dehydration synthesis with a form of a rope.
Define amylopectin Glucose molecules linked but it has branches in its structure
What is glycogen? It is the storage form of glucose in humans and other vertebrates.
What is cellulose? This is the most abundant natural biopolymer. Usually in a plant's cell wall.
What does a fatty acid contain? It has a long chain of hydrogens (H) bonded to carbons (C) with a carboxyl group is attached.
Characteristics of a saturated fat. Solid at room temperature (steric acid), linear structure because the carbon chain has no double bonds between carbons.
Characteristics of unsaturated fat. Liquid at room temperature (cis oleic acid), bent structure with one or more double bonds between carbons in carbon backbone.
Characteristics of trans fats. Behave like saturated fats but still have double bonds in carbon chain, but hydrogens bonded on either side of the double bond making the structure straight.
Omega fatty acids Double bond at either the sixth carbon from the hydrocarbon chain's end(omega-6) or at third carbon from the hydrocarbon chain's end (omega-3); the body cannot synthesis these.
What is a phospholipid? A lipid made of 2 fatty acid chains attached to a glycerol or sphingosine backbone. Structure of a hydrophilic head and two hydrophobic tails.
Describe a steroid These have a fused carbon ring structure. These are also hydrophobic and insoluble in water. Cholesterol is the most common steroid.
What is a protein made from? Amino acid polymers arranged in a linear sequence.
Enzymes A form of a protein that catalyze biochemical reactions.
Hormones These are chemical signaling molecules, usually small proteins or steroids.
Amino acids Building blocks of proteins, has a unique R group, these bond by peptide (covalent) bonds through dehydration synthesis.
Describe what primary structure of a protein looks like Unique sequence in a polypeptide chain. Usually linear and can curve.
Describe what secondary structure looks like The folding of a polypeptide in some regions is secondary structure. Usually in a beta pleated sheet or an alpha helix.
Describe what tertiary structure looks like This is a unique 3D structure of a protein. The interactions between R groups determine this structure.
What is protein denaturation? When a protein loses its function or shape. This can happen due to temp changes, pH change, or a chemical reason. This is irreversible.
What do nucleic acids do? They carry out the cell's genetic blueprint and carry instructions for its functioning.
Name the two main types of nucleic acids DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) and RNA (ribonucleic acid).
Types of RNA Messenger RNA (mRNA), ribosomal RNA (rRNA), and transfer RNA (tRNA).
Created by: tali_Alley
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