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1) Intro to bio PPW
Biology Revision 1
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What are the 3 points of the foundation of biology? (Key properties of a cell) | 1. All organisms are composed of one or more cells, and the life processes of metabolism & heredity occur within these cells 2. Cells are the smallest living things, the basic units life 3. Cells arise only by division of a previously existing cell |
| Are viruses alive? | Biologists can't agree on wether it's alive or not, but it's non-cellular. |
| What is a living system? | A body that has inputs and outputs. The body can be uni-cellular or multi-cellular. If it has a body, it must have a food input. Can be either autotrophic or heterotrophic. |
| What is heterotrophic? | When a body takes in food (like us). Called heterotrophs. |
| What is autotrophic? | When a body makes its own food from simple substances (like plants). Called autotrophs. |
| What are inputs and outputs of a body? | Outputs: Unused material, Metabolic waste such as Carbon dioxide and nitrogenous waste, Heat Inputs: Food, oxygen, water |
| What are the two components of cytoplams? Which one is liquid and which is a structure inside the cell? | The organelles is the structure inside the cell and the cytosol is the liquid part. |
| What is the concept of Surface-Area-to-Volume Ratio? | As a cell gets larger, its volume increases at a faster rate than its surface area |
| What's the effect of SAV ratio? SA: surface area V: volume | Small cells have more SA per unit of V than large ones, control over cell contents= more effective when cells are small If cell grows beyond certain limit, not enough material will cross the membrane fast enough to accommodate the increased cellular V |
| Draw and label a bacterial cell | 8 components (or 9 verify) (1 component I forget) |
| What are the two types of bacteria and their main difference? | There's Domain Archaebacteria (ancient) and Domain Bacteria (eubacteria)(more evolved). Their main difference is that domain bacteria has peptidoglycan in the cell wall and the other doesn't. |
| What are the 4 ways a cell can get bigger? | 1. Becoming compartemenlised 2. Do nothing 3. Getting another cell to feed it and look after it 4. Stay small but work cooperatively with other cells |
| Do Archaea and Bacteria have a nucleus? What type of cell are they? | Archaea and Bacteria do not have a proper nucleus – just a nucleoid. They have PROKARYOTIC cells. |
| What are eukaryotic cells? | All other life forms have EUKARYOTIC cells, which are bigger and more complex. They are compartmentalised: •Membrane bound organelles •Nucleus enclosed by a double membrane |
| Draw an eukaryotic cell | 2 components lolilol |
| Draw an animal cell | 15 components (5 components i forget) |
| Eukaryotic Cell Structures : What is the plasma membrane +function | It's the phospholipid bilayer with embedded proteins. Regulates what passes into and out of cell; cell-to-cell recognition; connection and adhesion; cell communication |
| Eukaryotic Cell Structures : What is the nucleus + function | Structure (usually spherical) that contains chromosomes and is surrounded by double membrane. Instructions for protein synthesis and cell reproduction; contains genetic information |
| Eukaryotic Cell Structures : What is a chrosomose + function | Long threads of DNA that form a complex with protein. Contain hereditary information used to direct synthesis of proteins |
| Eukaryotic Cell Structures : What is the nucleolus + function | It's the site of genes for rRNA synthesis. Synthesis of rRNA and ribosome assembly. (makes ribosomes) |
| Eukaryotic Cell Structures : What is the ribosome + function | Small, complex assemblies of protein and RNA, often bound to ER. Sites of protein synthesis |
| Eukaryotic Cell Structures : Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) | Network of internal membranes. Intracellular compartment forms transport vesicles; participates in lipid synthesis and synthesis of membrane or secreted proteins |
| Eukaryotic Cell Structures : What is the golgi apparatus + function | Stacks of flattened vesicles. Packages proteins for export from cell; forms secretory vesicles. Basically takes protein from rER and direct them to the correct membrane or out of the cell. |
| Eukaryotic Cell Structures : What is the lysosome + function | Vesicles derived from Golgi apparatus that contain hydrolytic digestive enzymes. Digest worn-out organelles and cell debris; digest material taken up by endocytosis. |
| Eukaryotic Cell Structures : What are microbodies + function | Vesicles that are formed from incorporation of lipids and proteins and that contain oxidative and other enzymes. Isolate particular chemical activities from rest of cell. |
| Eukaryotic Cell Structures : What is the mitochondria + function | Bacteria-like elements with double membrane. “Power plants” of the cell; sites of oxidative metabolism |
| Eukaryotic Cell Structures : What is chloroplast + function | Bacteria-like elements with double membrane surrounding a third, thylakoid membrane containing chlorophyll, a photosynthetic pigment. |
| Eukaryotic Cell Structures : What is cytoskeleton + function | Network of protein filament. Structural support; cell movement; movement of vesicles within cells. |
| Eukaryotic Cell Structures : What is flagella (cilia) + function | Cellular extensions with 9 + 2 arrangement of pairs of microtubules. Motility or moving fluids over surfaces |
| Eukaryotic Cell Structures : What is cell wall + function | Outer layer of cellulose or chitin; or absent. Protection; support |
| What is the sER and the rER? | Rough endoplasmic reticulum and Smooth endoplasmic reticulum. The sER processes large molecules which are not proteins. Th rER makes proteins that will end up as A) attached to membranes or B) exported (secreted) from cell |
| What is the difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic ribosomes? | Eukaryotic robosomes are bigger than prokaryotic robosomes. |
| Give an example of the sER process. | 1. Detoxifies poisons, such as in liver cells when it detoxifies alcohol AND 2. Makes steroidhormones, such as in the testis when it makes testosterone |
| Give an example of what golgi transports. | Golgi packages the proteins for secretion in milk, such as casein and albumin. One type of protein that is packaged by the Golgi are the digestive enzymes that go to the lysosome |
| Explain the steps of protein transport through the endomembrane system. | See notes diagram |
| What is a lysosome | A lysosome is a vesicle that is full of acids and digestive enzymes. Breaks down unwanted organelles or food particles. |
| What is the peroxisome? | Contains antioxidants that neutralize free radicals, such as peroxides, which are produced from metabollic reactions. |
| Draw a mitochondria | 5 components |
| What is the endosymbiotic theory of the origins of eukaryotic organelles and the evidence supporting it? | Mitochondrion used to be free-living chemoautotrophic bacteria who preferred acid condit. (photo: primary endosymbiosis refers to original internalization of prokaryotes by ancestral eukaryotic cell, resulting in formation of chloroplast & mitochondria |
| Difference between chemoautotrophic and photoautotrophic? | Chemoautotrophic: Some bacteria Photoautotrophic: Plants |
| Where is the energy from food stored? | In a molecule called ATP from sugar. ATP is the energy currency of the cell. |
| What are the characterisitc of the mitochondria? | 1. Has a prokaryotic inner membrane and eukaryotic outer membrane 2. It has bacterial ribosomes and bacterial circular DNA 3.Can no longer exist independently outside the cell 4.Performs metabollic rxn's, extracting energy from the acid area |
| What is the cytoskeleton (function) and what is its filaments? | It keeps everything in position inside the cell, and gives cell shape and movement (so flagella, cilia). It has 3 filaments; actin (or micro) filaments, intermediate filament and microtubules. |
| What are the functions of actin filaments (micro filaments)? | -Maintain shape by creating tension -Moves cells -Divide animal cell in 2 -Moves organelles and cytoplasm in plants, fungi, and animals |
| What are the functions of intermediate filaments? | -Maintain cell shape -Anchor nucleus and other organelles |
| What are the functions of microtubules? | -Maintain cell shape -Moves via flagella or cilia -Moves chromosomes during cell division -Assists formation of cell plate during plant division -Moves organelles -Provide tracks for intercellular transport |
| What are cilia and their function? | Small projections from cell membrane, that either A) move the cell through liquid or B) Move liquid accross the surface of the cell. (Cilia in lining of lungs transport smoke and dust particles out of bronchioles )(paramecium)(fallopian tubes) |
| What do centrioles generate? 2 centrioles is a... | Centrioles generate microtubules (filament in cytoskeleton). 2 centrioles (perpendicular) is ONE centrosome |
| Draw a plant cell | 11 components (2 components that I forget) |
| What is plasmodesmata? | Passage accross cell walls that allow plant cells to communicate and pass materials. (see image ppw p.46) |
| Plants don't have lysosome, they have... and its role is to... | They have a central vacuole and help the plant cell turgid. It also stores many things (salts, pigments,bitter-tasting chemicals to discourage predators) |
| Is fungi more related to plants or animals? | More closely related to animals |
| What type of digestion does fungi do? | Fungi are syprophytic heterotrophs, they have external digestion tho (animal INgest food) |
| What are the cell walls of fungi made out of? | Chitin (same substance as lobster shell) |
| Are fungi unicellular or multicellular? | They can be both (yeast is unicellular and mushrooms are multicellular). |
| What does multicellular fungi have? | Strings of cells called hyphae (resembles cell muscles) |
| Draw a chloroplast | 6 components |
Created by:
Malayka
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