Question 1

Diffusion and osmosis 
direction of flow for isotonic, hypertonic, and hypotonic

Accepted Answer

hyper-higher, hypo-lower. things always move from higher concentration to lower concentration. Diffusion and osmosis are used in photosynthesis to create the hydrogen gradient which runs the ATP synthase.

Question 2

Passive vs active transport
Movement of large things across a membrane
exocytosis, endocytosis

Accepted Answer

passive transport uses concentration gradient to pass things through the phospholipid bilayer active transport uses transport proteins on the membrane.  large objects move out through exocytosis, and in through endocytosis.

Question 3

Difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells 
Structural difference

Accepted Answer

Prokaryotic cells are usually single cell organisms with no nucleus or membrane bound organelles eukaryotic cells are more complex and have a membrane bound nucleus and organelles. in prokaryotes the DNA is stored in a nucleoid that floats in the Cytopla

Question 4

What is an organelle and why are the membranes folded or stacked

Accepted Answer

Organelles are specialized structures inside eukaryotic cells that are there to perform certain functions. such as the chloroplast in plant cells, and the nucleus which is where the DNA is stored in eukaryotic cells. There are folds and stacks both to giv

Question 5

What is the structure and function of the organelles discussed in class

Accepted Answer

The chloroplast is set up like a bunch of watch batteries where the energy for all life is created. It's main function is to take light, co2 and h2o and turn them in to energy or sugar that the plant can then use to grow. And the nucleus contains the DNA

Question 6

Difference between plant and animal cells.

Accepted Answer

Plant cells have cell walls to provide structure and chloroplasts, while animal cells only have a phospholipid bilayer membrane. Also plant cells usually don't have lysosome (bubbles of digestive enzymes surrounded by plasma membranes) and centriole ( org

Question 7

Potential vs kinetic energy

Accepted Answer

potential energy is stored energy... kinetic energy, is the energy of movement.

Question 8

Thermodynamic laws discussed in class

Accepted Answer

energy can't be created or destroyed and you always lose some energy

Question 9

Endergonic reaction, exergonic reaction and activation energy

Accepted Answer

Endergonic reaction needs a push up hill (activation energy)because you're building something with a lower entropy, or better organization. Exergonic reactions are easier because you are moving from a lower entropy to higher.

Question 10

Enzymes-how they work and how they are regulated

Accepted Answer

Enzymes are used to lower the activation energy needed to cause an endergonic reaction and are never used, just recycled and used again in different parts of the cell.

Question 11

Overall sum equation for photosynthesis

Accepted Answer

CO2+H20=>sugar oxygen and water
                          C6H12O6 + O2 + H2O

Question 12

How do redox reactions work and their role in photosynthesis.

Accepted Answer

REDOX=Reduction and oxidation Reduction is a gain of electrons, oxidation is loss of electrons. electrons can not come from nowhere so in order to have a reduction, there has to be oxidation that it resulted from. The re is when RuBP connects with CO2 ox

Question 13

How does light work and what colors are most important for photosynthesis

Accepted Answer

Light happens in a color spectrum that travel as particles  in different wavelengths. Red and blue light are the most important for photosynthesis because that is what powers the chlorophyll inside PSII and PSI

Question 14

What are pigments and what do they do (chlorophyll)

Accepted Answer

pigments absorb energy from light wavelengths. Chlorophyll is a pigment in the chloroplast organelle that absorbs red and blue light to convert it to energy in the  PSII and PSI enzymes to power the electron transport chain and reflects back green.

Question 15

how do the light dependent and light independent reactions relate to each other in the photosynthesis process

Accepted Answer

The light dependent reactions in photosynthesis take energy from the sun to power the electron transport chain to create NADPH and ATP  that will be used by the light independent reaction to create sugar with rubisco

Question 16

What is rubisco? and how can it cause photorespiration and how CAM and C4 photosynthesis reduce the risk of photorespiration.

Accepted Answer

rubisco is an enzyme that attaches CO2 to a 5 carbon sugar that gets chopped in half  during photosynthesis and turned into a useful 3 carbon sugar most of which are recycled in the Calvin cycle. cam and c4 reduce risk by separating when light dependent a

Question 17

Describe the light dependent reactions and the electron transport chain

Accepted Answer

PSII takes energy from the sun to break an H2O molecule so that it can take the electrons and send them down the ETC to PSI where they are energized again by photons of light and sent on NADPH to facilitate the calvin cycle.

Question 18

3 steps in respiration

Accepted Answer

Glycolysis(cytoplasm) creates pyruvate, Krebs Cycle(mitochondria aka citric acid cycle)breaks down pyruvate creating ATP and NADH and releases CO2,  ETC where the electrons give energy to create the gradient to run the atp synthase.

Question 19

What happens when you run out of ATP.

Accepted Answer

fermentation-Only glycolysis happens because there is no oxygen to bond to electrons.

Question 20

products of light dependent reactions in photosynthesis

Accepted Answer

It creates NADPH (electron carrying enzyme)  and ATP ATP synthase uses energy from passing hydrogen atoms through it due to a gradient, to power ADP=>ATP cycle.

BIOLOGY

Test 2

Question	Answer
Diffusion and osmosis direction of flow for isotonic, hypertonic, and hypotonic	hyper-higher, hypo-lower. things always move from higher concentration to lower concentration. Diffusion and osmosis are used in photosynthesis to create the hydrogen gradient which runs the ATP synthase.
Passive vs active transport Movement of large things across a membrane exocytosis, endocytosis	passive transport uses concentration gradient to pass things through the phospholipid bilayer active transport uses transport proteins on the membrane. large objects move out through exocytosis, and in through endocytosis.
Difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells Structural difference	Prokaryotic cells are usually single cell organisms with no nucleus or membrane bound organelles eukaryotic cells are more complex and have a membrane bound nucleus and organelles. in prokaryotes the DNA is stored in a nucleoid that floats in the Cytopla
What is an organelle and why are the membranes folded or stacked	Organelles are specialized structures inside eukaryotic cells that are there to perform certain functions. such as the chloroplast in plant cells, and the nucleus which is where the DNA is stored in eukaryotic cells. There are folds and stacks both to giv
What is the structure and function of the organelles discussed in class	The chloroplast is set up like a bunch of watch batteries where the energy for all life is created. It's main function is to take light, co2 and h2o and turn them in to energy or sugar that the plant can then use to grow. And the nucleus contains the DNA
Difference between plant and animal cells.	Plant cells have cell walls to provide structure and chloroplasts, while animal cells only have a phospholipid bilayer membrane. Also plant cells usually don't have lysosome (bubbles of digestive enzymes surrounded by plasma membranes) and centriole ( org
Potential vs kinetic energy	potential energy is stored energy... kinetic energy, is the energy of movement.
Thermodynamic laws discussed in class	energy can't be created or destroyed and you always lose some energy
Endergonic reaction, exergonic reaction and activation energy	Endergonic reaction needs a push up hill (activation energy)because you're building something with a lower entropy, or better organization. Exergonic reactions are easier because you are moving from a lower entropy to higher.
Enzymes-how they work and how they are regulated	Enzymes are used to lower the activation energy needed to cause an endergonic reaction and are never used, just recycled and used again in different parts of the cell.
Overall sum equation for photosynthesis	CO2+H20=>sugar oxygen and water C6H12O6 + O2 + H2O
How do redox reactions work and their role in photosynthesis.	REDOX=Reduction and oxidation Reduction is a gain of electrons, oxidation is loss of electrons. electrons can not come from nowhere so in order to have a reduction, there has to be oxidation that it resulted from. The re is when RuBP connects with CO2 ox
How does light work and what colors are most important for photosynthesis	Light happens in a color spectrum that travel as particles in different wavelengths. Red and blue light are the most important for photosynthesis because that is what powers the chlorophyll inside PSII and PSI
What are pigments and what do they do (chlorophyll)	pigments absorb energy from light wavelengths. Chlorophyll is a pigment in the chloroplast organelle that absorbs red and blue light to convert it to energy in the PSII and PSI enzymes to power the electron transport chain and reflects back green.
how do the light dependent and light independent reactions relate to each other in the photosynthesis process	The light dependent reactions in photosynthesis take energy from the sun to power the electron transport chain to create NADPH and ATP that will be used by the light independent reaction to create sugar with rubisco
What is rubisco? and how can it cause photorespiration and how CAM and C4 photosynthesis reduce the risk of photorespiration.	rubisco is an enzyme that attaches CO2 to a 5 carbon sugar that gets chopped in half during photosynthesis and turned into a useful 3 carbon sugar most of which are recycled in the Calvin cycle. cam and c4 reduce risk by separating when light dependent a
Describe the light dependent reactions and the electron transport chain	PSII takes energy from the sun to break an H2O molecule so that it can take the electrons and send them down the ETC to PSI where they are energized again by photons of light and sent on NADPH to facilitate the calvin cycle.
3 steps in respiration	Glycolysis(cytoplasm) creates pyruvate, Krebs Cycle(mitochondria aka citric acid cycle)breaks down pyruvate creating ATP and NADH and releases CO2, ETC where the electrons give energy to create the gradient to run the atp synthase.
What happens when you run out of ATP.	fermentation-Only glycolysis happens because there is no oxygen to bond to electrons.
products of light dependent reactions in photosynthesis	It creates NADPH (electron carrying enzyme) and ATP ATP synthase uses energy from passing hydrogen atoms through it due to a gradient, to power ADP=>ATP cycle.

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