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Bi 212
Cell Structure
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Plasma Membrane | The membrane at the boundary of every cell that acts as a selective barrier, regulating the cell's chemical composition. |
| Cytoplasm | The contents of the cell, exclusive of the nucleus and bounded by the plasma membrane. |
| Cytosol | The semifluid portion of the cytoplasm |
| Organelles | Any of several membrane-enclosed structures with specialized functions, suspended in the cytosol of eukaryotic cells. |
| Nucleus | 1) An atom's central core, containing protons and neutrons. 2) The chromosome containing organelle of a eukaryotic cell. |
| Nuclear Envelope | is a double lipid bilayer that encloses the genetic material in eukaryotic cells. The nuclear envelope also serves as the physical barrier, separating the contents of the nucleus (DNA in particular) from the cytosol (cytoplasm). |
| Nuclear Lamina | Keeps the shape of the cell. |
| Nuclear Pores | large protein complexes that cross the nuclear envelope. There are about on average 2000 nuclear pore complexes in the nuclear envelope of a vertebrate cell, but it varies depending on cell type and the stage in the life cycle |
| Chromosome | A cellular structure carrying genetic material, found in the nucleus of eukaryotic cells. each chromosome consists of one very long DNA molecule and associated proteins. |
| Chromatin | The complex of DNA and proteins that makes up a eukaryotic chromosome. When the cell is not dividing, chromatin exists in its dispersed form, as a mass of very long thin fibers. |
| Ribosomes | A complex of rRNA and protein synthesis in the cytoplasm; consists of a large and a small subunit. In eukaryotic cells, eas subunit is assembled in the nucleus |
| Endomembrane system | The collection of membranes inside and around a eukaryotic cell, related either through direct physical contact or by the transfer of membranous vesicles; includes the smooth and rough endoplasmic reticulum, the golgi apparatus. lysosomes, and vacuoles. |
| Endoplasmic Reticulum | An extensive membranous network in eukaryotic cells, continuous with the out nuclear membrane and composed of ribosome-studded (rough) and ribosome free (smooth) regions. |
| Cisternae of ER | comprises a flattened membrane disk that makes up the Golgi apparatus. A typical Golgi has anywhere from 3 to 7 cisternae stacked upon each other like a stack of dinner plates, but there are usually around 6 |
| Transport Vesicle | A transmembrane protein that helps a certain substances or class of closely related substances to cross the membrane. |
| Glycoprotein | A protein with one or more carbohydrates covalently attached to it. |
| Golgi Apparatus | An organelle in eukaryotic cells consisting of stacks fo flat membranous sacs that modify, store, and route products of the endoplasmic reticulum and synthesize some products, notably non-cellulose carbohydrates |
| Cis and trans face of Golgi | kaskdjf |
| Lysosome | A membrane-enclosed sac of hydrolytic enzymes found in the cytoplasm of animal cells and some protists. |
| Phagocytosis | A type of endocytosis in which large particulate substances are taken up by a cell. It is carried out by some protists and by certain immune cells of animals. |
| Vacuole | A membrane-bounded vesicle (A sac made of membrane in the cytoplasm) whose function varies in different kind of cells |
| Mitochondria | An organelle in eukaryotic cells that serves as the site of cellular respiration |
| Cellular Respiration | The catabolic pathways of aerobic and anaerobic respiration, which break down organic molecules for the production of ATP |
| Matrix | An enviroment or material in which something develops; a surrounding medium or structure |
| Cristae | Each of the partial partitions in a mitochondria formed by the infolding of the inner membrane. |
| Chloroplast | An organelle found in plants and photsynthetic protists that absorb sunlight and uses it to drive the synthesis of organic coupounds from carbon dioxide and water |
| Stroma | Within the chloroplast, the dense fluid of the chloroplast surrounding the thylakoid membrane; involved in the synthesis of organic molecules from carbon dioxide and water |
| Granum | A stack of membrane-bounded thylakoids int he chloroplast. Grana function in teh light reactions of photosynthesis. |
| Thylakoid | A flattened membranous sac inside a chloroplast. Thylakoids exist in an interconnected system in the chloroplast and contain the molecular "machinery" used to convert light energy to chemical energy. |
| Peroxisome | An organelle containing enzymes that transfer hydrogen from various substrates to oxygen producing and then degrading hydrogen peroxide. |
| Substrate | The reactant on which an enzyme works |
| Cytoskeleton | A network of microtubules, microfilaments, and intermediate filaments that branch throughout the cytoplasm and serve a variety of mechanical, transport, and signaling functions. |
| Motor Protein | A protein that interacts with cytoskeletal elements and other cell components, producing movement of the whole cell or parts of the cell. |
| Microtubule | A hollow rod composed of tubulin proteins that make up part of hte cytoskeleton in all eukaryotic cells and is found in cilia and flagella. |
| Microfilament | A cable composed of actin proteins in the cytoplam of almost every eukaryotic cell, making up part of the cytoskeleton and acting alone or with mysosin to cause cell contraction; also known as actin filament |
| Intermediate filament | A component of the cytoskeleton that includes filaments intermediate in size between microtubules and microfilaments |
| Centrosome | Structure present in the cytoplasm of animal cells, important during cell division; functions as a mircro-tubule-organizing center. A centrosome has two centrioles. |
| Centrioles | A structure in teh centrosome of an animal cell compose of a cylinder of microtubule triplets arranged ina 9+ 0 pattern. A centrosome has a pair of centrioles |
| Cilia | A short cellular appendage containing microtubules. A motile cilium is specialized for locomotion and is formed from a core of nine outer double microtubules and two inner single microtubules (the 9 + 2 arrangement). |
| Flagella | A long cellular appendage specialized for locomotion. Eukaryotic flagella have a core with nine outer doublet microtubules and two inner single micro tubules ensheathed in an extension of the plasma membrane. |
| Basal Body | A eukaryotic cell structure consisting of a 9+0 arrangement of microtubele triplets. The basal body may organize the mircrotubule assembly of a cilium or flagellum and is structurally very similar to a centriole |
| Dynein | In cilia and flagella, a large contractile protein extending from one microtubule doublet to the adjacent doublet. ATP hydrolysis drives changes in dynein shape that lead to bending of cilia and flagella. |
| Pseudopodia | A cellular extension of amoeboid cells used in moving and feeding. |
| Myosin | A type of protein filament that acts as a motor protein with actin filaments to cause cell contraction |
| Cell Wall | A protective layer external to the plasma membrane in the cells of plants, prokayryote, fungi, and some protists. Polsaccharides such as cellulose, chtin, and peptidoglycan are an important structural component of cell walls. |
| Middle lamella | In plants, a thin layer of adhesive extracellular material, primarily pectins, found between the primary walls of adjacent young cells. |
| Plasmodesmata | An open channel in the cell wall of a plant through which strands of cytosol connect from an adjacent cell. |
| Extracellular Matrix | The substance in which animal cells are embedded, consisting of protein and polysaccharides synthesized and secreted by cells. |
| Collagen | A glycoprotein in the extracellular matrix of animal cells that forms strong fibers, found extensively in connective tissue and bone; the most abundant prtein in the animal kindgom |
| Fibronectin | A glycoprotein that helps animal cells attach to the extracellular matrix |
| Glycoprotein | A protein with one or more carbohydrates covalently attached to it. |
| Tight Junction | A type of intercellular junction in animal cells that prevents the leakage of material between cells |
| Desmosome | A type of inter cellular junction in animal cells that function as a rivet. |
| Gap Juntion | A type of intercellular junction in animals that allows the pasage of materials between cells. |
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Cartejer
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