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bio 3/4
nucleic acids and proteins
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What are the three forms of RNA? | mRNA, messenger RNA, carries genetic information from the nucleus to the ribosomes for protein synthesis, rRNA, ribosomal RNA, from ribosomes when combined with proteins, tRNA, transfer RNA, brings the amino acid to the ribosome for protein synthesis. |
| What is the difference in DNA and RNA structure? | DNA is double stranded with a double helix running in anti-parallel. Complementary base pairs DNA - (A+T, G+C) vs RNA (A+U, G+C) , joined via hydrogen bonds. RNA is single stranded, much shorter, and contains the sugar ribose instead of deoxyribose. |
| What is a phosphodiester bond? | Free nucleotides continuously being added to form a sugar phosphate backbone. |
| What is the condensation polymerisation? | Hydroxyl group (OH) on the 3’ carbon of the sugar joins to the 5’ carbon of the pentose sugar on the next nucleotide, water is released and creates a peptide bond resulting in a dipeptide. |
| What is the amino acid structure? | Amine group (NH2) and carboxyl group (COOH) and variable ‘r’ group. |
| What is the quaternary structure? | Two or more polypeptide chains joined together to create a single functional protein. |
| What is the tertiary structure? | Further folding to create more stable shapes. Can be globular – compactly folded and soluble, or fibrous – elongated and insoluble. |
| What is the secondary structure? | Folding or coiling due to the hydrogen bonding within the backbone. Alpha helix is tight coils, whereas beta-pleated sheets is elongated and folds back on itself. |
| What is the primary structure? | The unique type, number and structure of amino acids in a polypeptide chain. |
| What is the definition of denature? | Proteins can denature when hormones are not balanced, e.g., temperature, pH level and cofactors, this creates a conformational change where the 3D shape is permanently lost. |
| What is the difference between a peptide, dipeptide and polypeptide chain? | A peptide is a linear chain of 50 or less amino acids connected together, dipeptide is two joined together by a condensation reaction and a polypeptide chain is multiple peptide chains connected. |
| What is the difference between proteomics and the proteome? | The proteome is the complete set of proteins expressed by the genome which varies between type, development stage and environment, whereas proteomics is the study of study of the structure, function, and interactions of proteins. |
| Explain 5 functions of proteins and an example? | Storage (metal ions and amino acids) – casein, structural (support for cells and organs) – keratin, enzymes (speed up chemical reactions) – lipase, immune system (fight disease) – antibodies, hormones (control body processes) – insulin. |
| What are nucleotides? | Basic units containing a phosphate group, 5 carbon sugar (DNA or RNA), and a nitrogen base (A, T or U, G, C) |
| What are nucleic acids? | Biomolecules that store and transmit hereditary information which instructs for synthesis of proteins. Either Deoxyribonucleic acid or Ribonucleic acid. Nucleic acids are made from repeated nucleotides |
| What are the 4 key features of the genetic code? | Redundant or degenerate - more than one triplet codes for the same amino acid. Non-overlapping – bases are read three at a time. Unambiguous – one codon codes for one amino acid. Universal – same in all organisms. |
| What is the genetic code? | Set of ‘rules’ determining which sequences of nucleotides are translated into which amino acids. DNA – triplet, RNA - codon. |
| What is translation? | Mature mRNA is translated into a sequence of amino acids that results in a peptide formation. Occurs in ribosomes. mRNA binds to the ribosome, ribosomes move down the mRNA, tRNA line up with the complementary amino acid. |
| What is RNA processing? | RNA undergoes processing before it is translated to result in a mature mRNA. Occurs in the nucleus. Addition of a 5’ cap and a poly-A-tail, also splicing. |
| What is transcription? | Production of a single stranded mRNA from DNA. Occurs in the nucleus. |
| How does one gene code for so many varieties of proteins? | Genes undergo modification, and alternative splicing. If the exons are different, there will be different mRNA sequences/codons therefore different proteins are translated and may fold differently due to different r groups. |
Created by:
lucyokane
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