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8ES Chp 2: Matter

8th Grade Earth Science Chapter 2: Matter, Forces, and Energy Leach

TermDefinition
matter Anything that has mass and takes up space.
pure substance A material made of only one kind of element or compound; not a mixture.
mixture A physical combination of two or more substances.
state of matter The physical form of matter described by its physical characteristics and largely depends on its temperature; can be a solid, liquid, gas or plasma.
temperature The hotness or coldness of a substance, stated in degrees; a measure of the average kinetic energy of the particles of a substance.
solid A rigid state of matter in which the particles align in a fixed arrangement with an unchanging shape and volume.
liquid A fluid state of matter in which the particles are free to move but are held close to each other with an unchanging volume but a changeable shape.
gas A fluid state of matter in which particles move so fast and are so far apart as to have little interaction with each other and have both a changeable shape and volume.
plasma A fluid state of matter made of extremely high-temperature ionized particles and have both a changeable shape and volume.
melting The change of state from a solid to a liquid at the melting point that is caused by adding energy.
freezing The change of state from a liquid to a solid caused by removing energy.
vaporization The change in state from a liquid to a gas caused by adding energy.
boiling The change of state from a liquid to a gas at the boiling point.
evaporation The change of state from a liquid to a gas below the boiling point but above the freezing point and occurs when particles near the surface of the liquid gain sufficient energy to escape the liquid.
condensation The change of state from a gas to a liquid caused by removing energy and occurs at the dew point.
sublimation The change of state from a solid directly to a gas caused by adding energy.
deposition The change of state from a gas directly to a solid caused by removing energy.
mass A measure of the amount of matter on object contains.
weight The force of gravitational attraction between an object's mass and its resident planet.
volume The amount of space that an object occupies.
force A push or a pull on an object.
gravity The attractive force between any two objects based on their masses and the strength of that force decreases rapidly as the two objects move apart.
work Is done when a force acts on a moving object in the same or opposite direction of its motion or when energy is transferred from one object to another.
energy The ability to do work.
first law of thermodynamics Scientific law that states that matter and energy cannot be created or destroyed, but can only transfer between objects or transform to a different form.
atom The smallest neutral particle of an element that retains the characteristics of that element and composed of a positive nucleus containing protons and usually neutrons, surrounded by negatively charged electrons.
ion A charged atom or group of atoms caused by a charge imbalance, which is produced by an unequal number of protons and electrons.
element A pure substance made of only one kind of atom.
compound A pure substance formed by chemically combining two or more elements.
molecule Two or more chemically bonded atoms and can be made of just one kind of element or a combination of elements.
physical change A change in matter that doesn't alter its chemical identity.
chemical change The change from one pure substance to another by the rearrangement of atoms in a chemical reaction.
nuclear change A change of one element into another element by changes occurring in the nucleus of the atom.
Created by: CoachLeach
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