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Bio Assessment 1
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Bacteria | Primitive Prokaryotic Cells No definite nucleus Unicellular Microscopic Auto/Heterotrophic |
| Fungi | Unicellular and Multicellular Reproduce using spores Saprotryphic Nutrition |
| Protoctista | Divided into Algae and Protozoa Unicellular |
| Algae | Unicellular Protoctista Plant-like Photosynthesize |
| Protozoa | Unicellular Protoctista Animal-like Don't photosynthesize |
| Plants | Multicellular Flowering or non-flowering Can photosynthesize Autotrophs |
| Flowering Plants | Multicellular Monocots and dicots Flowers produce seeds (sometimes in fruit) |
| Monocots | 1 Cotyledon Vascular bundles: complex Veins: Parallel Roots: Fibrous Petals: 3 Leaf shape: Narrow, long |
| Dicots | 2 Cotyledons Vascular bundles: neat ring Veins: Net-like Roots: Taproot Petals: 4/5 Leaf shape: Wide |
| Non-flowering Plants | Ferns, Moss, Conifers Spores or seeds in cones for reproduction |
| Animals | Heterotrophic Multicellular Invertebrates/vertebrates |
| Invertebrates (arthropods) | Segmented body Tough exoskeleton Jointed legs |
| Crustaceans | 5 pairs of legs, 2 pairs of antennae, head and cephalothorax |
| Arachnids | 4 pairs of legs, no antennae, head and cephalothorax |
| Insects | 3 pairs of legs, 1 pair of antennae, head, abdomen, and thorax |
| Myriapods | Many pairs of legs, long cylindrical body, body divided into many segments |
| Vertebrates | Backbone present Divided into Amphibians, Birds, Fish, Mammals, Reptiles |
| Amphibians | Hindlimbs + Forelimbs Timphanum present Water and land Smooth, moist skin |
| Birds | Beak Hindlimbs present forelimbs -> wings Feathered |
| Fish | Streamlined body Smooth skin covered by scales Gills Fins for locomotion |
| Mammals | Mammary glands Pinna Fur/hair |
| Reptiles | Scales Hindlimbs + Forelimbs Tymphanum present |
| Microscope (etymology) | Micro -> Small Scope -> To look at |
| Microscope (definition) | One of the most useful tools used to study living things |
| Arm | Supports body tube, used to carry microscope |
| Base | Bottom of microscope, often shaped like a horseshoe |
| Stage | Where specimen is kept (held by stage clips) |
| Eyepiece | Lens at the top of the body tube |
| Body tube | Hollow tube through which light passes |
| Coarse and Fine focus knobs | Raises/Lowers the Body tube till specimen is in focus |
| Nosepiece | Holds objective lenses apart at the bottom of body tube |
| Objective lenses | Different powers (below nosepiece), magnifies specimen |
| Diaphragm | Changes amount of light, located under the stage |
| Light source | On top of base |
| How to use a microscope | Eyepiece view: Adjust diaphragm Adjust light source till you see the circle of light Center the specimen on the stage and secure Side view: adjust focus till low power touches the slide Eyepiece view: move specimen into view |
| How to change from low power to high power | Turn nosepiece until high power lense clicks into place |
| Cells | Structural and functional unit of life (cheek cells, red blood cell, nerve cells, root hair cell) |
| Plant and Animal cells: similarities and differences | Both: Cell membrane, nucleus, cytoplasm Plant: Cell Wall, chloroplast, large permanent vacuole, starch grains in cytoplasm Animal: Glycogen in cytoplasm |
| Cell membrane | Barrier between cell and surroundings Partially permeable membrane Controls movement of substances in and out (glucose, oxygen, water) |
| Nucleus | Control center Genetic material (DNA) Controls all functions taking place |
| Cytoplasm | Jelly-like Holds organelles Many chemical reactions |
| Chloroplast | Green pigment chlorophyll which traps light for photosynthesis |
| Cell Wall | Definite shape Fully permeable, allows water and dissolved substances in freely Prevents plant cell from bursting when fully swollen (turgid) |
| Large permanent vacuole | Stores salt + sugar -> cell sap Full of water to maintain turgidity |
| Small temporary vacuole | May contain food/water |
| Ribosome | Look like tiny dots in cytoplasm Sites of protein synthesis |
| Food granules | In cytoplasm Starch in plants Glycogen in animals |
| Mitochondria | Powerhouse of the cell Release energy from glucose (aerobic respiration) |
| Prokaryotic vs Eukaryotic cell | Eukaryote: Defined nucleus, membrane bound organelles, ribosomes Prokaryote: Nucleoid, cell wall, flagella, ribosomes |
| Levels of orginization | (different) Organelle -> (similar) Cell -> (different) Tissue -> (different) Organ -> (different) Organ system -> Organism |
| Tissue | A group of cells with similar structures performing a shared function (muscular tissue, nervous tissue, xylem, phloem) |
| Organ | A group of tissues performing a shared function (heart, lungs, brain, leaf, root, stem, flower) |
| Organ system | A group of organs with related functions performing body functions (circulatory system, digestive system, shoot system and root system) |
| Organism | Organ systems combined |
| Organelles | Mitochondria, nucleus, chloroplast etc. |
| Specialized cells | Have a structure that enables them to carry out a particular function. |
| Types of movement of substances across cells | Passive Transport, Active transport |
| Passive transport | Does not require energy Diffusion, Osmosis |
| Diffusion | Passive process Molecules from high to low concentration along concentration gradient E.g. Artery -> Vein (Oxygen + nutrients diffuse out, Carbon Dioxide + Waste diffuse in) |
| Concentration Gradient | Difference between concentration of molecules in two separate areas |
| Osmosis | Diffusion of Water Molecules Passive process Through partially permeable membrane Dilute -> Concentrated High water potential -> Low water potential |
| Water Potential | Tendency of water to diffuse Pure water = highest water potential |
| Concentrate vs Dilute (Water) | Pure water is concentrate More salt + less water = high concentration (less water so it is grouped together) Less salt + more water = low concentration (more water so it is spread out) |
| Concentration (Formula) | Amount of solute (salt)/Amount of solvent (water) |
| Osmosis: Plant cell in solution of higher water potential | Water into cell Vacuole expands Turgor pressure against cell wall Cell expands, becomes turgid Cell wall prevents bursting |
| Osmosis: Plant cell in solution of same water potential | No change |
| Osmosis: Plant cell in solution of lower water potential | Water out of cell Cell shrinks, becomes flaccid (plasmolysis) Cell wall retains shape |
| Osmosis: Animal cell in solution of higher water potential | Water into cell Cell expands, bursts |
| Osmosis: Animal cell in solution of same water potential | No change |
| Osmosis: Animal cell in solution of lower water potential | Water leaves cell Cell shrinks Crenated cell |
| Plasmolysis | Plasma membrane is pulled away from cell due to loss of water (Plant cell) |
| Concentration of solution = amount of water = water potential | Low = more = high High = less = low |
| Active transport | Requires energy Against concentration gradient Low to high concentration Solute molecules E.g. roots of plants, intestines of animals |
| Plant Transport Systems | Xylem + Phloem (together are vascular bundles) |
| Xylem | Thick walls Tubes Lignin (waterproof) in walls Roots to all parts of plant Unidirectional flow Strong, hard, supports/holds up plant |
| Phloem | Thin Walls Transport of nutrients (Sucrose + amino acids) Leaves to all parts of plant (areas of growth/storage) Bidirectional flow Ex. Glucose -> Sucrose for transport, Sucrose -> Starch for storage |
| Plant Senses | Tropisms Phototropism Hydrotropism Geotropism The plants grow towards or away from stimuli |
| Phototropism | Response to light Shoots + Stems (usually) Light is necessary for photosynthesis Leaves need as much light as possible |
| Geotropism | Response to gravity Roots: Positive geotropism Looking for soil/water Shoots: Negative geotropism Against gravity trying to reach light |
| Hydrotropism | Response to water Roots Water is necessary for photosynthesis Overrides geotropism |
Created by:
koala25
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