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CVP 2
CVP Second exam
Question | Answer |
---|---|
What is the main function of systemic circulation? (delivers 2, Removes 2) | To deliver adequate oxygen and nutrients AND to remove CO2 and waste |
The systemic circulation also serves as a conduct for what? | Hormones |
Blood flow is regulated by what? | Metabolic demand of the tissue |
5 functional parts of systemic circulation? | 1. Systemic arteris 2. Arterioles and precapillary phincters 3. Caps 4. Venules 5. systemic veins |
Designed to carry blood under increased pressure out to tissue beds | Systemic arteries |
Act as control valves to regulate local flow | Arterioles and precapillary spincters |
Provvides exchange between tissues and blood | Caps (on cell thick) |
Collects blood from caps | Venules |
Returns blood to the heart and does dynamic storage | Systemic veins |
Blood flow is directly proportional to what? | Metabolic demand |
Cardiac output is controlled by what? | Local systemic tissue flow |
Arterial pressure is independant of what? (2) | Local flow and Cardiac output |
4 components of all blood vessels | 1. Endothelium 2. Elastic Tissue 3. Smooth muscle 4. Fibrous tissue |
What part of systemic circulation only posses an endothelial wall? | Caps |
1. Relative composition of aorta 2. Typical artery? 3. Typical vein? | 1. Elastic tissue > Fibrous tissue > Smooth muscle 2. Smooth muscle > Elastic tissue > Fibrous tissue 3. Everything is equal |
Flow (Q) = ? | Volume \ time |
Delta P = ? | Delata P = QR (Q= flow R= resistance) |
Blood is how much thicker that water? | 3 times!!! |
1. Flow ____ pressure gradient 2. Flow ____ resistance 3. Viscosity ____ resistance | 1. Directly proportional 2. Indirectly proportional 3. Directly proportional |
1. Lenght ___ resistance 2. Cross-sectional area ____ resistance | 1. Directly proportional 2. Indrectly proportional |
Volume of blood that passes a certain point per unit time | Flow |
1. At any given flow, the velocity is inversly proportional to what? 2. Write an equation to illustrate this | 1. Total cross-sectional area 2. Q = Velocity x cross sectional area |
1. Flow ___ Delta P | Directly proportional |
How is flow related to resistance? | Indirectly proportional |
Increase in Delta P makes for what kind of resistance? | Increases!! |
At a given Q, the greater the drop in P, the greater the what? | Resistance |
2 variables you need to figure out resistance? | Flow and Delta P |
The systemic circulation is what kind of circulation?? | A parallel circuit with NESTED SERIES |
What is true about total resistance in a parallel circuit? | Total resistance is always less that the lowest single resistance |
What kind of resistance is benificial for a blocked vessel? 2. Why? | 1. Parallel circuit 2. If one leg is blocked, it can get there from another |
3 advantages of a parallel circuit | 1. Independant of local flows 2. Minimizes TPR 3. Oxygen rich blood to every tissue |
What is the relationship between viscosity and sheer rate (velocity)? | Indirectly proportional (slopping curve tho) |
1. Blood has a viscosity of what? 2. Plasma? 3. Water? | 1. 3 2. 1.5 3. 1 |
1. In small vessels (microvasculature), what can happen to viscosity as elements stick together or at constriction points? 2. What can offset this? | 1. Increased velocity 2. Cells lining up in small vessels would decrease velocity (Fahaeus-Lindquist) |
Viscosity of small vessels wouldn't increase until the vessel reaches what size? | 0.3 mm in diameter |
1. What is hematocrit? 2. Hematocrit is primarily composed of what? Why? | 1. The percentage of packed cell volume 2. RBCs because they are denser |
1. Normal range of hematocrit? 2. What would the hematocrit be in EOP users? | 1. 38-45% 2. Much higher |
What kind of flow: 1. Streamline, silent and telescoping effect, most efficient 2. Cross mixing, vibrational noise, least efficient, bruit | 1. Laminar 2. Turbulent |
Blood passing in a vessel packed with arthersclerosis, what do you think happens to velocity? | Increases! |
Artery disease that turbulent flow is associated with? | Arthersclerosis |
What is a bruit? | The noise a blocked vessel makes under a stethoscope |
The bigger the Reynold's number, the greater the probability for what? | Turbulent flow |
1. Reynolds # of what usually represents laminar flow? 2. R # of what represents turbulent flow? | 1. < 2000 2. > 3000 |
T or F: If R# is 1500, flow is laminar | False! It MAY be lamiar...the sneeky little... |
People with anemia have higher risk for what? | Flow murmer |
The doppler ultrasound is used to determin what? | Velocity of flow |
To measure flow with doppler, we would still need what variable? | Trr2 -- cross-sectional area |
In the doppler ultrasound meter, the angle that the transmitter makes with the vessel should be what? | Less that 30 degrees |
1. In Doppler ultrasounding, what is associated with turbulent flow? 2. With laminar flow? | 1. Broad band 2. Narrow band |
1. 2 ways to determine cardiac output. 2. 3 ways to determine vessel flow | 1. Fick principle and indicator dilution 2. Venous occlusion plesthymography AND Doppler ultrasound flow meter AND Vascular flow cuffs |
1. Determinant of blood flow to a tissue or organ 2. 3 peices of information needed | 1. Fick principle 2. Input blood concentration, output blood concentration , Addition or removal of substance from tissue |
Indicator dilution: Cardiac output ___ duration of curve | Indirectly proportional |
Indicator dilution measures what \ what? | Vol \ Time (CO is indirectly proportional to duration of curve) |
1. Define distensibility 2. Define compliance | 1. The ability of a vessel to strech 2. Ability of a vessel to stretch and hold volume |
1. What is more distendible: the average artery or the average vein? 2. Therefor it is also more ____ | 1. Average vein 2. Complient |
Does compliance = distendibility? | Hell no! But they are proportional |
A diffrence in volume is ___ to a diffrence in pressure | Directly proportional |
What is the relationship between a diffrence in volume and a diffrence in pressure in systemic arteries and in systemic veins? | Arteries = Small diffrence in volume is associates with a large diffrence in pressureVein = Large diffrence in volume is associated with a small diffrence in pressure |
1. A small diffrence in volume is denoted as what? 2. A large diffrence in volume is as what? | 1. 750 ml 2. 2500ml |
Veins are about ___ more distensible and ___ more compliant than systemic arteries. | 8 times more distensible and 24 times more compliant |
Wall tone is ___ to compliance and distensibility? | Indirectly proportional |
As volume increases, pressure increases extremely more in arteries or veins? | Arteries |
Control of blood flow: 1. Short term control 2. Long-term control | 1. Vasodilation or Vasoconstriction 2. Formation or dissolution of vessels (VEGF, Angiotensin) |
As long as pressure stays constant, what effect will constriction and dilation have on flow? | Dilation will increase flow while contriction will decrease flow |
Vasoconstriction or Vasodilation: 1. SNS 2. NO 3. CO 4. Angiotensin II 5. ADH 6. Adenosine | 1. D 2. D 3. D 4. C 5. C 6. Potent D |
1. What is the Bayliss reaction? 2. What is a potent vasodilator? | 1. Increase in BP will cause constriction response 2. Adenosine |
What kind of receptors do arterioles that are richly innervates by SNS fibers have? | Alpha receptors |
1. In the local, short term control of flow, describe the local vasodilator theory 2. Fun time!! List 9 local vasodilators | 1. Active tissues release local vasodilator metabolites, which relaxes smooth endothelial muscle. 2. Adenosine, CO2, Adenosine Phosphate, PGE and PGI, NO, Histaime!, K+, H+, CO |
1. What is an older, screwy theory of local control of flow? 2. Why is it screwy? | 1. It;s an O2 demand theory... as O2 in consumes by tissues, vascular smooth muscl can't maintain contraction 2. O2 is always present in arteries |
Define autoregulation | The ability to keep flow (Q) constant as arterial pressure changes |
T or F : Most tissues show some degree of autoregulation | True |
Q is ___ to metabolic demand | Directly proportional |
In the kidney, both ___ and ___ are autoregulated | Renal Q and Glomerular filtration rate (GFR) |
Long term control of flow invlves what? (2) | Ongoing day to day reconstruction of vascular system and angiogenesis |
What is ateriogenisis associated with? | Sheer stress caused by enhanced blood flow velocity associated with partial occulsion |
1. Small peptide that stimulates growth of new vessels 2. Example | 1. Angiogenic factors 2. VEGF |
Endothelium under stress up-regulates the expression of what protein? | Monocyte cheoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) |
1. What does MCP-1 protein do ? (2) 2. What up-regulates its expression? | 1. Attracks monocytes that invade arteriols and acts with other growth factors in the inflammatory processs to kill cells and potentially create new collateral vessels 2. Stress activated endothelium |
How can the SNS impair and augment blood flow? | Impairs = Vasoconstriction Augments = NPY |
1. Hypoxia causes release of what? 2. What will this do? | 1. VEGF 2. Increase capillary proliferation and therefor increase collateral arterial generation |
NPY is ___ | Angiogenic |
Who wins in a fist fight : Vasodilation or vasoconstriction? | Vasodilation |
4 things endothelium can release? | Prostacylin, NO, Endothelin, Endothelial derived contractig factor |
Function of Prostacyclin (PGI2) (2) | 1. Inhibits platelet aggregation 2. Relaxes vascular smooth muscle |
1. Function of NO 2. NO releases in increased by what 2 things? | 1. Relaxes vascular smooth muscle 2. Shear stress associated with increase flow and AcH binding to endothelium |
1. 2 things released by endothelium that causes constriction 2. 2 things that cause vasodilation | 1. Endothelin and endothelial devrived contracting factor 2. PGI2 and NO |
Lets say you have 2 blood vessels, one has the endothelium in tact and the other has it removed. AcH binds to both vessels. What happens? why? | The vessel with the endothelium will undergo vasodilation via NO and the vessel with no endothelium will undergo vasoconstriction |
1. Where does the bulk of exchange in O2 occur? 2. What is the functional unit of circulation? | 1. in microcirculation (caps) 2. Capillary |
What is functional flow? | It's the blood traveling through capillary beds |
Functional or non-functional flow? 1. If O2 levels drop 2. If O2 levels don't drop | 1. Functional 2. Non-functional |
3 mechanisms of O2 exchange | Diffusion, ultrafiltration, vesicular transport |
What is blood doing if you're experiencing non-functional flow? (non-nutritive) | It is shunting though somewhere |
In ultrafiltration, bulk of flow is through a ____. 2. What acts as a filter? | 1. Filter 2. The cap wall |
1. 2 strarling forces involved in ultrafiltration 2. Function of each? | 1. Hydrostatic P = pushes fluid out 2. Colloid osmotic P = pulls fluid in |
When is vesicular transport used in capillary exchange? | When you have larger mollecular weight non lipid soluble substances |
1. Starling force favoring filtration 2. Starling force favoring reabsorption | 1. Hydrostatic pressure gradient 2. Colloid osmotic pressure gradient |
1. Total hydrostatic pressure forcing fluid out of vessels 2. Capillar and interstitial HP averages that make the above HP. | 1. 20 mmHg 2, Capillary HP average of 17mmHg and interstial HP average of -3 mmHg (therefor 20 total) |
1. Capillary osmotic pressure average 2. Interstial osmotic pressure average | 1. 28 mmHg 2. 9 mmHg |
Net filtration pressure = what? | ** Net filtration P = (CHP - IHP)-(CCOP - ICOP) |
What is greater: filtration or reabsorption? | Filtration (20) > Reabsorption (19) |
1. Filtration = Reabsorption + _____ 2. What would = edema? | 1. Lymph drainage 2. Filtration > Reabsoprtion + LD = EDEMA!!! |
Increase in filtration is offset by what? | Increase in LD! |
1. What determins colliod osmotic pressure ? 2. What is the dominant protein? | 1. Plasma protein concentration 2. Albumin (75%) Globulins (25%) Fibrinogen (<1%) |
1. Combined colliod effect in vessel? 2. Actual colliod value in vessel? 3. What is this discrepency due to? | 1. 19 mmHg 2. 28 mmHg 3. The freaken donnan effect |
Describe how the donnan effect increases osmotic effect by about 50%? (19 mmHg to 28 mmHg) | Large molecular weight plasma proteins (albumin) carries a negative charge which attracts positive ions (NA++) therefor increasing solutes in vessel and therefor increasing osmotic effect in vessel. Osmotic pressure reflects concentrations of H2O and NA |
Explain the effects of the ultrastructure of capillary wall on colliod osmotic pressure | Capillary walls that have filtration slits allow some proteins through... only the proteins that can't cross the wall can have an effect on the osmotic pressure |
T or F : all caps possess filtration slits? | False, some have tight junctions |
What does the relfection coefficient tell you? | How readily a protein can cross a cap wall |
Greater than half of TPR (outflow) is at the level of what? | Systemic arterioles |
What is peripheral runoff? | Rate at which blood exits the arterioole tree |
Peripheral runoff ___ TPR (outfloow) | Directly proportional |
1. During systole, the left ventricle output is greater than what? 2. Therefor, total blood volume rises which causes arteriole BP to do what? | 1. Peripheral runoff 2. Increases to a peak |
During systole (BP rising to a peak) the arteries are ____ | Distended |
1. During diastole when the left ventricle is filling, what are the arteries doing? 2. This serves to maintain what? | 1. The arteries recoil 2. This serves to maintain perfusion to the tissue beds |
1. During diastole, total blood volume is ___ which causes arterial BP to fall to a ___ ____ 2. This is known as what? | 1. Decreasing, Minimum value 2. Diastole BP |
1. When does systolic BP happen? 2. Diastolic? | 1. As total blood volume rises which causes arterial BP to peak 2. Total blood volume falls causing arterial BP to fall to a minimum |
What is hydrolic filtering? | It's the stretch from SYSTOLE and the recoil from DIASTOLE of the arteriole tree that normally occurs during the cardiac cycle |
What is the advantage of hydraulic filtering? | It converts an intermittent out by the heart to a steady delivery at the tissue beds therefor saves the heart work |
T or F : Hydrolic filtering increases the work load on the heart? | False |
1. What happens to the distendibility of the arterial tree as we age? 2. What effect will this have on hydraulic filtering? | 1. Decreases 2. Reduces hydraulic filtering thus increasing work load of the heart |
T or F: The mean arterial pressue (MAP) is the arithmetical mean between systole and diastole? | Ha! that's funny! ...uhhh... no! |
1. The MAP is determined by calculating the area under the ___ and dividing it into equal ____ 2. What is an equation for MAP? | 1. Area under the curve and dividing it into equal areas 2. MAP = one third pulse pressure + DBP |
1. MAP is usually closer to what pressure? 2. In MAP = 0.333 + DBP, how do you determine pulse pressure? | 1. Diastole 2. Pulse pressure = S-D |
S of 120 mmHg, D of 80 mmHg, what is the mean arterial pressure (MAP)? | MAP = 0.333 pulse pressure + DBP... 0.333(120-80) +80 = 93.3 |
1. Most postganglionic SNS terminals realse what? 2. What is the predominant receptor type? (SNS) | 1. Norepi 2. Alpha |
What is the response of vessels when alpha receptors are activated? | Constriction |
Stimulation of alpha receptors : 1. Constriction of arterioles does what? 2. Constriction of arteries does what? 3. Contriction of veins do what? | 1. Decrease blood floow 2. Increase arterial BP 3. Increase venous return |
What happens to blood volume when we exercise? | Redistribution of blood volume to where we need it |
1. How much blood can be redistributed when we exercise? 2. The blood that gets redistributed during exercise is from where? | 1. 1 L 2. The splanchnic system |
Sympathetic stimulation causes widespread vasconstriction causing a decrease in bloood flow with what 3 exceptions? | 1. Brain 2. Heart 3. Lungs |
1. In the brain and lungs, why don't they vasocontric under SNS control? 2. What about the heart? | 1. Both are weakly innervated by SNS 2. Vasoconstriction effects are over-ridden by SNS induced increases in cardial activity and this increases release of local vasodilators |
Critical closing pressure is required for what? | Required to keep arteries from closing completely |
CCP ___ vascular tone | Directly proportional |
1. Increase SNS will do what to CCP? To tone? 2. How about a drecrease in SNS? | 1. Increase SNS --- Increase CCP --- increase Tone 2. Decrease SNS --- Decrease CCP --- Decrease tone |
What would happen to arterioles and venous pressure is CO is stopped? | Arteriole pressure will fall and venous pressure will rise |
What exactly is the mean circulatory filling pressure? | It's an equilibration pressure where arteriole BP = Venous BP |
Equilibration pressure (MCFP) may be prevented by what? | Closure of the arterioles (CCP) |
MCFP is responsible for the pressure gradient driving what? | Peripheral venous return |
MCFP is attained whene what equals what? | AP = VP |
1. With a shunt, is you stop the heart, arterial pressure will fall until you reach what? 2. Without a shunt? (EXAM!) | 1. MCFP 2. CCP |
In a vascular function curve, at a given MCFP as CVP increases, what happens to venous return? | Decreases |
At the operating point, what = what? | Venous return = cardiac output |
When do you have a venous return of zero? | When MCFP = CVP |
What is central venous pressure anyway? 2. CVP = what? | 1. Pressure of central veins (sup and inf vena cava) as the enter the right atrium 2. CVP = right atrial pressure |
Increase in pressure in right chambers of the heart tells you what? | Tells you have an increase in CVP |
1. What happens to CO as an artery dialates? 2. What happewns to venous return? | 1. CO increases 2. VR Increases! |
What happens to CO as MCFP increases? | CO will increase and VR too |
As CVP increases, what happens to cardiac output? Due to what? | CO increases due to both intrinsic and extrinsic effects |
What will increase in hypereffectiveness do to CO and CVP? | Increase Co and Decrease CVP |
The vasomotor center is a collection of neurons in the ___ and ___ | Medulla and pons |
4 major regions in vasomotor center | 1. Pressor center 2. Depressor center 3. Sensory area 4. Cardioinhibitory area |
Functions of: 1. Pressor center 2. Depressor center 3. Sensory area 4. Cardioinhibitory area | 1. Increase BP via increase SNS 2. Decrease BP via decrease SNS 3. Mediates baroreceptor reflex 4. Stimulates CN 10 |
Vasoconstriction center aka what? (2) | Pressor center and C1 |
1. Where is the pressor center located? 2. What kinf of projections to where? | 1. Anterior portion of upper medulla 2. Norepi projections to IML cells |
3 effects of pressor center | 1. Vasoconstriction 2. Stimulate cardiac activity 3. SNS tonic outflow |
Depressor center aka what? (2) | A1 or Vasodilator area |
1. Location of depressor center 2. Fibers project where and do what? | 1. Anterolateral lower MO 2. Fibers project to and inhibit pressor center |
2 effects of depressor center | 1. Vasodilation 2. Decrease cardiac activity |
1. Location of pressor center 2. Location of depressor center | 1. Upper MO 2. Lower MO |
Sensory area aka what? | A2 |
1. Location of sensory area 2. In the nucleus ___ ____ | 1. Posterolateral portions of pons and medulla 2. NTS |
Sensory area receives info from what 2 cranial nerves? | CN9 and CN 10 |
Sensory area sends projections to where? (2) | Pressor center and depressor center |
1. Sensory area mediates ____ relflexes 2. 2 functions of sensory area? | 1. Baroreceptor 2. Decrease pressor center and decrease BP |
Cardioihibitory area: 1. Location 2. Transmits impulses where? 3. What does it do to heart activity? | 1. Medially next to DMNV 2. DMNV (Dorsal vagal N. ala cinerea) 3. Inhibits |
Catastrophic stroke is a stroke where? | Brainstem |
Sympathetic vasoconstriction tone maintains normal ____ | Arterial BP |
When wall is stretched (Systole), what happens to : 1. Baroreceptors 2. SNS | 1. Activated 2. Inhibited |
What happens to 1. Baroreceptors and 2. SNS when wall recoils? (diastole) | 1. Inhibited 2. Activated |
1. If you remove baroreptor innveration, ___ ___ increases 2. Also highs are ___ and lows are ____ | 1. Pulse pressure 2. Highs are higher and lows are lower |
2 things pressure is dependant on? Which maintains pressure long-term and short term? | 1. Volume -- long term 2. Tone of wall -- short term |
Control of BP: Short-term or long-term? 1. Vascular smooth muscle 2. Kidneys | 1. Short term 2. Long term |
Control of BP is accomplished by either affecting ___ or ____ | 1. Vascular tone (container) 2. Blood volume (contents) |
Baroreceptors have what type of nerve endings in vessel walls? | Spray type |
2 places where barorecptors are especially found | 1. Carotid sinus (CN 9) 2. Arch of aorta (CN 10) |
1. When baroreceptors are stimulated (strech) what do they inhibit? 2. Inhibits this area via ___, ___ or ___ | 1. Pressor center 2. Via 9, 10, NTS |
Net effects of baroreceptor stimulation (2) | Vasocontriction and decrease cardiac output |
The carotid sinus reflex is more sensitive to ___ pressure than ____ pressure | Changing pressure, static pressure |
The carotid sinus relflex provides buffering systems in what 2 situations? (in reguards to maintaining BP) | During normal cardiac cycle in change in volume and chance in body position |
Lying down, standing or walking: which 2 have similar BPs? | Lying down and walking |
Lying down, walking or standing: which has higher BP in lower extremities? | Standing |
Low pressure baroreceptors are located where? | Atrial walls and pulmonary arteries |
LP baroreceptors augment ___ baroreceptors | Arterial |
Low pressure baroreceptors minimizes ___ pressure changes in response to ____ changes | 1, Arterial 2. Bloood pressure |
Whata is more effective in maintaining arterial BP: arterial baroreceptors or low pressure baroreceptors? | Low pressure baroreceptors are twice as effective |
Stretch on atrial wall... .1. What will baroreceptors do to HR and urine production? how? 2. What will brainbridge do to HR? | 1. Decrease HR and increase urine production by decreasing SNS in renal nerves and decreasing ADH 2. Increase HR |
1. Strech on atrial wall will cause release of what hormone? 2. This hormone has what functions? | 1. ANP 2. Diruretic, Natriretic and Vasodilator |
1. Increase in EFC will cause ___ ___ to rise 2. In response, what do the kidneys do? | 1. Atrial pressure 2. kidneys will excrete excess ECF |
1. Increase intake will increase what 3 other things? 2. Decrease fluid intake will cause decrease in 3 other things | 1. ECF, BV, BP 2. ECF, BV, BP |
When fluid intake is increased by alot, what is the response? | Decrease Aldosterone, SNS, Renin, ANG II, ADH, Increase ANP |
Increase Aldosterone, SNS, Renin, ANG II, ADH, Decrease ANP... what happend to fluid intake to produce this response? | Decrease fluid as well as decrease EFC, BV and BP |
In the renal-body fluid system, who is the odd man out? | ANP... of everything else rises, ANP falls |
1. What will decrease BP and ECF do to thirst reponse? 2. What will this do to kidney reabsorption and urine production? | Decrease fluid intake: decrease BP: decrease ECF and increase thirst therfore increase kidney reabsorption and decrease urine production |
What curve demonstrates only perfusion of kidney alone? | Acute renal output curve |
Does arterial BP increase when we intake a lot of fluid? why? | Nope! think chronic renal output curve |
What hormone increases drinking behavior of the brain? | Angiotensin II |
Afferent arterioles supply what? | Glomerular caps |
1. What drains glomerular caps? 2. These give rise to ___ ____ which is where reabsorption takes place | 1. Efferent arterioles 2. Peritubular caps |
Where in the kidney does reabsorption take place? | Peritubular caps |
Specialized pertitbular caps associated with juxtamedullary nephrons | Vasa recti |
1. Gain = ? 2. Kidney had what kind of gain? | 1. Compensation / remaining error 2. Infinite gain |
1. In gain, what is better, a higher or lower number? 2. What will this kind of number do? | 1. Higher 2. Brings things back to normal |
Most autoregulation of both blood flow and glomerular filtration takes place where? | At the afferent arteriole (upstream) |
T or F: Both renal blood flow and glomerular filtration are autoregulated? | True |
What has greater autoregulation? RBF or GFR? | GFR |
In kidneys, constriction of afferent arteriole in decrease what? (2) | Renal flow and GFR |
Constriction of efferent arterioles will do what to RBF and GFR? | Decrease RBF and Increase GFR (by creating back pressure) |
In the face of increased BP, contriction of what will autoregulate both flow and GFR? | Afferent arterioles |
When ___ increases, ____ increases | ECF and arterial BP |
1. Acute renal output curve measures effects effect of arterial BP alone. 2. Chronic curve measures what? | Art BP + SNS... this zigs : renin/angiotensin system, aldosterone, ADH and this zags : ANP |
4 hormones that decrease renal blood flow | NE, Epi, Ang II, ADH (vassopressin) |
What increases RBF? | Prostaglandins (e and I) |
Tubuloglomerular feedback monitors what? | NACL in macula densa of distal tubules |
Decrease in NaCl in macula densa stimulates relase of what from where? | Renin from juxtaglomerular cells |
Increase in renin will increase what? | Ang II and Efferent arteriole resistance |
Decrease NaCl in macula densa causes dilation of what? | Afferent arterioles |
Primary source of renin? | Smooth muscle cells in afferent arterioles |
4 things stimulate renin release | Decrease in perfusion pressure, SNS, decrease in NaCl delivery to macula densa (distal tubual) and hormones |
2 hormones that increase renin release | Thyroid hormone and growth hormone |
Renin catalyzes the formation of __ from ___ | Ang I from angiotensin |
Where does angiotensin I go to Ang II? | Lung (ACE) |
Ang II stimulates what 3 things? | STIMULATES adrenal cortex to secrete aldosterone, ADH (vassopressin) and Kidney |
Net effect of Ang II is to decrease ___ and ___ excretion and increase ___ | 1. Decrease Na and H2O 2. Increase BP |