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BJU Biology Ch 5
BJU Biology 4th edition - Chapter 5
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| allele | One of a pair of genes that have the same position on homologous chromosomes. |
| anaphase | The third phase of mitosis; paired chromatids separate and begin to migrate toward opposite poles of the cell. |
| asexual reproduction | The production of a new organism without the fusion of a sperm and an ovum; involves only mitotic cell divisions. |
| autosome | Any chromosome other than a sex (X or Y) chromosome. |
| carrier | An individual that does not exhibit the characteristics of a trait but does carry the gene for the trait. |
| cell cycle | The repeating cycle of events in the life of a cell; composed of interphase, mitosis, and cytokinesis. |
| cell plate | The precursor to the cell wall during cytokinesis in plant cells. |
| centromere | The attachment point of two sister chromatids; also serves as point of attachment of spindle fibers during mitosis. |
| chromatid | One of the two DNA duplicates that compose one chromosome (when the chromosome is not separated). |
| chromosome | A strand of DNA entwined with proteins; usually found within the cell's nucleus. |
| codominance | The expression (but not blending) of both alleles in a heterozygous offspring. |
| cross-pollinate | To fertilize a flower with the pollen from another flower. |
| cytokinesis | The division of the cytoplasm in a dividing cell. |
| dihybrid cross | A genetic cross dealing with two charateristics at the same time. |
| diploid | Having homologous pairs of chromosomes. |
| dominant trait | The characteristic that is expressed even in the presence of the recessive genes. |
| fertilization | The process of forming a zygote; the union of gametes. |
| gamete | A haploid cell which can unite with another gamete to form a zygote. |
| genetics | The study of heredity. |
| genotype | The genetic makeup of an individual organism. |
| haploid | Having only one member of each homologous pair of chromosomes; charateristic of gametes. |
| hemophilia | Bleeder's disease; a genetic disorder in which a blood chemical for blood clotting is not produced. |
| heterozygous | Having two different alleles at the same position (locus) on homologous chromosomes. |
| histone | A protein that supports, protects, and helps maintain the tightly coiled structure of the DNA in a chromosome. |
| homologous chromosomes | Two chromosomes that have the same kinds of genes (alleles) in the same order. |
| homologue | One member of a homologous pair of chromosomes. |
| homozygous | Having the same two alleles at the same position (locus) on homologous chromosomes. |
| incomplete dominance | The type of inheritance in which the alleles for expressing characteristics are neither dominant nor recessive. |
| independent assortment | The Mendelian idea that the separation of one set of alleles during gamete formation is not affected by the separation of another set of alleles. |
| interphase | The period of time between cellular divisions. |
| karyotype | An illustration in which the chromosomes of a cell are arranged according to their size. |
| locus | The specific location of a gene on a chromosome. |
| meiosis | Cell division in which the chromosome number is reduced from the diploid to the haploid state. |
| metaphase | The second phase of mitosis; chromosomes congregate along the equatorial plane of the cell. |
| mitosis | The duplicating and separating of a cell's chromosomes. |
| mitotic spindle | Special microtubules that will "direct" the movments of the chromosomes during mitosis. |
| monohybrid cross | A genetic cross that deals with only one set of characteristics. |
| multiple alleles | The possible arrangement of three or more genes (alleles) for a trait at a single locus. |
| oogenesis | The meiotic process that forms ova. |
| ovum | A gamete formed by a female; usually nonmotile and larger than a sperm. |
| pedigree | A diagram that shows the characteristics of several generations of organisms. |
| phenotype | The physical expression of an organism's gene. |
| polygenic inheritance | The cumulative effect of two or more genes on the same trait. |
| prophase | The first phase of mitosis; centromeres migrate to poles in the cytoplasm and chromosomes develop from chromatin material in the nucleus. |
| Punnett square | A diagram used to visualize genetic crosses. |
| recessive trait | The characteristic that is expressed only in the homozygous recessive condition. |
| self-pollination | The process by which a plants structure allows its own pollen to provide the sperm for fertilization of ova. |
| sex chromosome | A special chromosome (in humans, X or Y) that determines whether an organism will be male or female. |
| sex-linked trait | An inherited characteristic for which there is a gene on the X or Y chromosome but not on the other. |
| sexual reproduction | The union of haploid gametes that results in a diploid zygote that develops into a new individual. |
| sperm | A gamete formed by a male; often motile. |
| spermatogenesis | The meiotic process of sperm formation. |
| telophase | The final phase of mitosis; chromosomes have reached opposite poles of the cell and two distinct nuclei form. |
| test cross | The mating of an organism that possesses a dominant phenotype but unknown gentype with an organism that possesses a recessive phentotype to determine the genotype of the dominant indivudual. |
| tetrad | A group of four joined chromatids during meiosis. |
| zygote | A diploid cell formed by the union of two haploid gametes. |
Created by:
marchscience
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