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Origin of species
as part of AS91605 NCEA L3 Biology
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Adaptation | An inherited structural, behavioural or physiological trait which increases an organism’s fitness |
| adaptive radiation | Relatively sudden appearance of new species from single ancestral type to fill a variety of niches. |
| allopatric speciation | Speciation involving a period of geographic separation. |
| allopolyploidy | Polyploidy involving the hybrid offspring of two species. |
| amphiploidy | When a fertile individual results from chromosome doubling in the hybrid offspring of two different species. |
| autopolyploidy | Polyploidy involving a single species. |
| behavioural barrier | Differences in courtship behaviour, causing reproductive isolation. |
| Biogeography | The study of the geographical distribution of living things. |
| Cline | A gradual change in the traits of a species over a geographical gradient. |
| Competition | When organisms living in the same location require the same (finite) resource. |
| continental drift | The gradual movement and formation of continents, resulting from the movement of tectonic plates. |
| Deme | A local interbreeding population of a species. |
| Ecological barrier | Differences in habitat that prevent different species interbreeding. |
| endemic species | Species restricted to one area only (e.g. endemic to N.Z.) |
| Evolution | Changes in a gene pool over successive generations. |
| Extinction | Occurs when all members of a species die out. |
| Fitness | The relative ability of an individual to survive and reproduce in an environment. |
| Gene flow | Exchange of alleles between populations by immigration and emigration. |
| Geographic barrier | A physical barrier that isolates populations and prevents gene flow. |
| Glacial Period | Cooler period in which sea water becomes ‘locked up’ as ice and sea levels fall, exposing new areas of land. |
| Gondwana | The southern super-continent which existed from about 180 mya and from which NZ separated about 80 mya |
| Hybrid | The offspring from a cross between two different species. |
| hybrid breakdown | The first generation (hybrid) may be fertile, but the second generation are infertile or not viable. |
| hybrid inviability | A sperm and egg from different species fuse, but the resulting hybrid individual does not develop successfully |
| hybrid sterility | The hybrid is sterile (cannot reproduce). |
| Interglacial period | Warmer period in which rising temperatures melt ice and sea levels rise, isolating areas of land as islands |
| introduced species | A species that does not naturally occur in a given area, but has been introduced to it by humans. |
| macroevolution | Large changes in a gene pool over a long period of time; e.g. the formation of a new species, extinction, adaptive radiation, etc |
| mass extinction | When a large number of species and major groups of organisms disappear over a relatively short time. |
| microevolution | Changes in the allele frequencies a gene pool over successive generations. |
| native species | A species that naturally occurs in a given area. |
| niche | The role of a species in its habitat |
| non-disjunction | The failure of chromosomes to separate normally during the process meiosis, resulting double the chromosomes in the gametes. Leads to offspring with chromosome numbers different to those of the parents. |
| plate tectonics | The large-scale movement of tectonic plates, which contributes to continental drift. |
| polyploidy | Having three or more complete sets of chromosomes in the somatic cells. |
| post-zygotic isolating mechanism ). | Reproductive isolation after successful development of a zygote (fertilisation |
| pre-zygotic isolating mechanism | Reproductive isolation prior to fertilisation. |
| reproductive isolating mechanism (RIM) | Any factor which prevents breeding between groups of individuals |
| ring species | A special type of cline where the demes (local populations) are arranged in a circle across the species range, and the demes at the ends, although adjacent, may be unable to interbreed. |
| speciation | The process of forming distinct new biological species from existing species. |
| species | A group of organisms that normally interbreed in nature to produce fertile offspring over successive generations. |
| structural barrier | Differences between the reproductive structures of different groups or species which prevent sperm transfer. |
| subspecies | Populations of a species which are genetically different but capable of interbreeding successfully where their ranges overlap. |
| sympatric speciation | formation of new species from a surviving ancestral species, while both continue to inhabit the same geographic region. |
| Sympatric species | species, which previously diverged from a common ancestor, and now exist in the same area but remain reproductively isolated. |
| temporal barrier | Two species are active or reproduce at different times, preventing mating. |
Created by:
NZARoberts
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