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BJU Biology Ch 4

BJU Biology 4th edition - Chapter 4

TermDefinition
acetyl CoA A two-carbon substance found in many cellular metabolisms.
aerobic Requiring oxygen
ADP (adenosine diphosphate) The molecule that is produced when ATP is split to yield energy.
ATP (adenosine triphosphate) A compound that serves as a temporary energy storage molecule in all cells.
anaerobic Not requiring oxygen
anticodon The triplet of nucleotides on transfer RNA that will pair with the codon of the messenger RNA to line up amino acids during protein synthesis.
ATP synthase An enzyme necessary for the conversion of phosphate and adenosine diphosphate (ADP) into adenosine triphosphate (ATP).
autotroph An organism that is able to make its own food.
Calvin cycle The most common pathway of photosynthesis; also called the carbon fixation cycle or light-independent phase.
cellular respiration The breakdown of foods (glucose) to release energy, including both aerobic and anaerobic cellular respiration.
chemosynthesis A process whereby certain organisms obtain cellular energy from the breakdown of inorganic chemicals.
chlorophyll The green pigment of plant cells that is necessary that is necessary for photosynthesis.
codon A triplet of bases (on nucleotides) that forms the code for a particular amino acid on messenger RNA.
electron transport chain A series of aerobic reactions that release energy as they combine hydrogen and oxygen to form water.
exon A section of RNA that is kept when forming messenger RNA.
extracellular digestion The breakdown of substances that occurs in spaces outside the cells such as within the stomach or intestine.
fermentation The anaerobic breakdown of carbohydrates to pyruvic acid, and then to alcohol and carbon dioxide or lactic acid.
glycolysis The breakdown of glucose to pyruvic acid during cellular respiration.
heterotroph An organism that depends on other organisms for food.
intracellular digestion The breakdown of substances within cells.
intron A section of RNA that is cut out when forming messenger RNA.
Krebs cycle The stage of aerobic cellular respiration in which pyruvic acid reacts with an enzyme that removes a carbon from the pyruvic acid to produce acetyl CoA, Co2, hydrogen ions, ATP, and electrons; also called the citric acid cycle.
light-dependent phase The first phase of photosynthesis; requires light energy to energize electrons in pigments.
messenger RNA (mRNA) The RNA molecujle that carries the code for a polypeptide chain from the DNA.
metabolism The sum of all reactions that occur in a living organism.
photosynthesis The process whereby simple sugars are formed from carbon dioxide and water in the presence of light and chlorphyll.
pigment A light-absorbing molecule that functions in photosynthesis.
ribosomal RNA (rRNA) The RNA molecule that combines with proteins to form a ribosome.
stroma Material within the chlorplast that surrounds the grana of thylakoids.
transfer RNA (tRNA) The RNA molecule that carries (transfers) a specific amino acid to the ribosome during protein synthesis.
translation The process of manufacturing polypeptides.
Created by: marchscience
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