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Cell Metabolism 1
Cell Metabolism Lecture 1- Cellular Metabolism Overview
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Biochemistry is not... | Chemistry or a subset of chemistry or biology or a subset of biology...it is unique |
| Glucose | one of the most important molecules in life and the science of biochemistry |
| Primary Elements of Life | H, C, N, O, Na, K, Ca, P, S, Cl |
| Trace Elements of Life | Mg, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Se, Mo, I. Oxygen transfer in humans is entirely dependent on the presence of four iron atoms in hemoglobin |
| Proteins | Amino acids |
| Nucleic Acids | Nucleotides |
| Lipids | Fatty acids |
| Carbohydrates | Sugars |
| Action role | proteins/enzymes |
| Information storage/retrieval | nucleic acids |
| Energy | proteins nucleic acids lipids carbohydrates |
| Protein structure | amino group--side chain--carboxyl group |
| Nucleotide structure | ribonucleic acid: ACGU deoxyribonucleic acid: ACGT sugar/base/phosphate |
| Purines | Adenine and Guanine |
| Pyrimidines | Cytosine, Uracil, Thymine |
| DNA vs. RNA | U-A in RNA; S stranded Ribose sugar added -OH group on 2nd carbon DNA-A nucleic acid that contains the genetic instructions used in the development and functioning of all known living organisms RNA-important in the process of translating DNA into prote |
| Function of Nucleotides | carriers of chemical energy; signaling molecules; coenzymes. ATP- very important nucleotide |
| Function of Carbohydrates | production and storage of energy; cell walls; extracellular matrix; DNA/RNA; linked to proteins; linked together as large branched chains (glycogen) |
| Function of Fatty Acids | production and storage of energy (6x more energy than sugars by weight); cell membranes; cell signaling (steroids, signal transduction) |
| Plasma membrane structure | all living cells have a plasma membrane made up of amphipathic phospholipids, it defines the volume the cell occupies, and it isolates the cell from the environment |
| Plasma membrane contd. | mammalian plasma membrane is asymmetrical, it contains integrins that allow for cell-to-cell or cell-to-extracellular matrix contact. Membrane domains defined by specific collections of proteins |
| Plasma membrane functions | -morphology and movements- along w/cytoskeleton -signal recognition and transduction -transport of small molecules and some ions |
| Nucleus Structure | -Double membrane bound-nuclear envelope. Membrane is continuous with the ER -Contains gated pores (90 angstroms) to allow transport of material -contains the nucleolus |
| Nucleus functions | DNA synthesis and repair RNA synthesis nucleolus is the site of RNA processing and ribosome synthesis |
| Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) structure | -contains the largest amount of membrane in the cell -RER is studded with ribosomes, SER isn't |
| Endoplasmic reticulum functions | RER- synthesis of membrane bound and exported proteins, along with the Golgi it is involved with the formation of lysosomes and peroxisomes SER- synthesis of membrane, synthesis of fatty acids/steroids/hormones; detoxification rxns |
| Golgi Apparatus | flattened smooth sacs (cisternae), processing and sorting of proteins to cellular compartments including export, works with motor proteins (kinesins) and SNARE proteins to create vesicles for delivery of proteins to targets |
| Mitochondria structure | -large structure up to 7 micrometers in diameter -inner matrix is the mitosol and is the site of ATP generation -inner membrane convolutes into the mitosol forming the cristae |
| Mitochondria function | -inner membrane contains the ETC and ATP synthases -inner membrane space is highly acidic (H+) -control their own replication and contain their own DNA -provide 90% of the ATP for the cell -oxidation of pyruvate, fatty acids, amino acids |
| Mitochondria function cont. | -urea and heme synthesis -cellular respiration -apoptosis |
| Lysosomes | single membrane, interior pH is 5, site of cellular digestion- autophagy |
| Peroxisomes | -small and spherical -network of tubules in their matrix -50 known enzymes involved in peroxisome activities -long chain fatty acid and lipid oxidation -O2 rxns -perioxide rxns -oxidation of D-amino acids |
| Cytoskeleton and Cytosol | -microtubules, actin, intermediate filaments (cell motility, cell chape, cellular organization) -cytosol(metabolism of carbs, aa, nuc, synthesis of fatty acids; primary site of protein synthesis) |
| Failures in the lysosome | Enzymes- lysosomal acid lipase, cholesterol ester hydrolase, Triglycerol--> free fatty acids & glycerol Cholesterol esters--> cholesterol and fatty acids -central in the supply of cholesterol to cells for growth and membrane function |
| Symptomes of failures in the lysosome | -accumlation of cholesterol esters in organ systems |
| Wolman disease | lethal by age 1 -premature stop codon in the mRNA transcript--> therefore no functional protein detectable -likely untreatable |
| CESD | -hepatic failure, atherosclerotic vascular disease -caused by a single G to A mutation which disprupts the splicing point for an exon which allows for low but functional levels of enzyme -treatable with careful dietary control and pharmacologics |
Created by:
clewis3
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