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Biology C words
Praxis study
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| calcification | process that hardens bones by adding calcium phosphate and collagen |
| calorie | measure of energy released from digesting food; noe calorie equals one kilocalorie of heat |
| calvin cycle | process by which a photosynthetic organism uses energy to synthesize simple sugards from CO2 |
| Cambrian explosion | earlist part of the Paleozoic ear, when a huge diversity of animal species evolved |
| cancer | common name for a class of diseases characterized by uncontrolled cell division |
| canopy | dense covering formed by the uppermost branches of trees |
| capillary | tiny blood vessels that transport blood between larger blood vessels and other tissues in the body |
| capsid | protein shell that surrounds a virus |
| carapace | plate of exoskeleton that covers the head and thorax of crustacean |
| carbohydrate | molecule composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen; includes sugards and starches |
| carinogen | substance that produces or promotes the developemtn of cancer |
| cardiac muscle | muscle tissue that is only found in the heart |
| carnivore | organism that obtains energy by eating only animals |
| carpel | female structure of flowering plants; made of ovary style, and stigma |
| carrier | organism whose genome contains a gene for a certain trait or disease that is not expressed in the organism's phenotype |
| carrying capacity | number of individuals that the resources of an environment can normally and persistently support |
| cartilage | tough, elastic, and fibrous connective tissue found between bones |
| catalyst | substance that decreases activation energy and increases reaction rate in a chemcial reaction |
| catastrophism | theory that states the natural disasters such as floods and volcanic eruptions shaped EArth's landforms and caused extinction of some species |
| cell | basic unit of life |
| cell cycle | pattern of growth, DNA replication, and cell division that occurs in a eukaryotic cell |
| cell differentiation | processes by which unspecialized cells develop into their mature form and function |
| cell membrane | double layer of phopholipids that forms a boundary between a cell and the surrounding environment and controls the passage of materials int o and out of a cell |
| cell theory | theory that states that all organizms are made of cells, all cells are produced by other living cells, and the cell in the most basic unit of life |
| cellular immunity | immune response that relies on T cells to destroy infected body cells |
| cellular respiration | process of producing ATP by breaking down carbon-based molecule when oxygen is present |
| cell wall | rigid structure that gives protection, support, and shape to cells in plants, algae, fungi, and bacteria |
| Cenozoic | geologic time period that began 65 million years ago and continues today |
| central dogma | theory that states that, in cells, information only flows from DNA to RNA to proteins |
| central nervous system (CNS) | part of the nervous system that interprets messages from other nerves in the body; includes the brain and spinal cord |
| centriole | small cylinder shaped organelle made of protein tubes arranged in a circle; aids mitosis |
| centromere | region of condensed chromosome that looks pinched; where spindle fibers attach during meiosis and mitosis |
| cephalothorax | region of a crustacean body where the dead and thorax meet. |
| cerebellum | part of the brain that corrdinates and regulates all voluntary muscle movement and maintains posture and balance |
| cerbral cortex | layer of gray matter on the surface of the cerebrum that receives information and generates responses |
| cerebrum | largest part of the brain, coordinating movement, thought, reasoning, and memory; includes the cerbral cortex and the white matter beneath it |
| chaparral | biome characterized by hot, dry, summers and cool, moist winters, also called Mediterranean shrubland |
| chelicerate | arthropod tha tlacks antennae and has four pairs of walking legs and a pair of fanglike mouth parts |
| chemcial reaction | process by which substances change into different substances through the breaking and forming of chemical bonds |
| chemosynthesis | process by which ATP is syntesized by using chemicals as an energy source instead of light |
| chitin | tough protective polysaccharide that makes up arthopod skeletons and the cell walls of some fungi |
| chlorophyll | light absorbing pigment molecule in photosynthesis organisms |
| cholorplast | organelle composed of numerous membranes that are used to convert solar energy into chemical energy; contians chlorophyll |
| chordate | any animals having at some stage in development a hollow nerve cord pharyngeal slits and tail |
| chromatide | one half of a duplicated choromosome |
| chromatin | loose combination of DNA and proteins that is present during interphase |
| chromosome | long, continuous thread of DNA that consists of numerous genes and regulatory information |
| chyme | partially digested, semi-liquid mixture that passes from the stomach to the small intestine |
| cilia | short hairlike structures that cover some or al of the cell surface and help the organism swim and capture food. |
| circadian rhythm | daily cycle of activity that occurs over a 24-hour period of time |
| circulatory system | body system that transports nutrients and waste between various body tissues; includes heart, blood, and blood vessels |
| citric acid cycle | Krebs cycle |
| cladistics | method of organizing species by evolutionary relationships in which species are gropued according to the order that they diverged from their ancestral line. |
| cladogram | diagram that displays proposed evolutionary relationships among a group of speices |
| classical conditioning | process by which an organism learns to associate a previously neutral stimulus with a reward or punishment |
| climate | average long-term weather pattern of a region |
| clone | gentically identical copy of a single gene or an entire organism |
| codominance | heterozygous genotype that equally expresses the traits from both alleles |
| codon | sequence of three necleotides that codes for one amino acid |
| coelom | fluid-filled space that is completely covered y muscle |
| coevolution | process in which two or more species evolve in response to changes in each other |
| cognition | mental process of knowing, including aspects such as awareness, perception, reasoning, and judgment |
| cohesion | attraction between molecules of the same substance |
| cohesion tension theory | theory that explains how the physical properties of water allow it to move through the xylem of plants |
| collagen | three-stranded protein unique to animals that combines to form strong flexible fibers |
| collenchyma cell | elongated cells with unevenly thick walls that form a supportive tissue of plants |
| commensalism | ecologcial relationship in which one species receives a benefit but the other species is not affected one way or another |
| community | collection of all of the different populations that live in one area |
| competition | ecological relationship in which two organisms attempt to obtain the same resource |
| competitive exclusion | theory that states that no two species can occupy the same niche at the same time |
| complete digestive tract | digestive system that has two openings a mouth and an anus tha are at opposite ends of a continuous tube |
| complete metamorphosis | process by which immature organisms change their body from before becoming adults |
| compound | substance made of atoms of diffrent elements that are bonded together in a particular ratio |
| concentration gradient | difference in the concetration of a substance from one location to another |
| cone | reproductive structure of gymnosperms inside of which the female gamete is fertilized and seeds are produced |
| cone cell | sensory neuron in the eye that detects color |
| coniferous | tree that retains its needes year-round and reproduces with cones |
| conjugation | process by which a prokaryote transfers part of its chromosome to another prokaryote |
| constant | condition that is controlled so that it does not change during an experiment |
| consumer | organism that obtains its energy and nutrients by eating other organism |
| convergent evolution | evolution toward similiar characteristics in unrelated species, resulting from adaptations to similar environmental conditions |
| coral reef | ocean habitat found in the shallow coastal waters in a tropical climate |
| corpus luteum | follicle after ovulationl; also called a yellow body because of its yellow color |
| cotyledon | embryonic leaf inside of a seed |
| countercurrent flow | flow of water opposite that of the flow of blood in a fish's gills |
| covalent bond | chemical bond formed when two atoms shre one or more pairs of electrons |
| cross | mating of two organisms |
| crossing over | exchange of chromosome segements between homologous chromosomes during meisosis |
| crustacean | any of the aquatic arthropods, such as lobsters, crabs and shrimps, that has a segmented body and exoskeleton and paired jointed limbs |
| cultural behavior | behavior that is passed between members of the same population by learning and not natural selection |
| cuticle | in plants a waxy layer that holds in moisture in insects a tough exoskeleton made of nonliving material |
| cyanobacteria | bacteria that can carry out photosynthesis |
| cytokinesis | process by which the cell cytoplasm divides |
| cytokinin | plant hormone that stimulates the final stage of cell division cytokinesis also involved in the growth of side branches |
| cytoplasm | jellylike substance inside cells that contains molecules and in some cell organelles |
| cytoskeleton | network of proteins such as microtublules and microfilaments inside a eukaryotic cell that supports and shapes the cell |
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mitromar
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