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DNA replication is semi-conservative. Explain this term. DNA replication is semi conservative as each new double helix contains one old (parent) strand and one newly synthesised (daughter) strand.
In which stage does DNA replication occur. s phase- Interphase
1. Explain the process of DNA replication. 1. DNA helicase (Enzyme) peels apart the two strands of DNA by breaking the hydrogen bonds that puts them together- undoes
2. Explain the process of DNA replication. 2.DNA polymerase (Enzyme) is the responsible for the DNA synthesis by adding correct nuclear tides- adding
3. Explain the process of DNA replication. 3. As the old strand separates, a new strand is synthesised against each old strand. Replication results in two identical strands of DNA.
Interphase has 3 phases G1- the cell increases in mass in preparation for cell division S- DNA is synthesised G2- The cell synthesizes proteins and continues to increase in size. Cells spend most of their lives in interphase
Explain the difference between apoptosis and necrosis. Apoptosis is when cells kill themselves on purpose and necrosis is not on purpose
What are stem cells? These are cells that are yet to be specialised. They have the potential to become different types of cells. they haven't got their job yet
Identify some sources of stem cells. Stem cells can be either Embryonic or Adult. Some sources include the zygote, blastocyst, gastrula, umbilical cord, bone marrow or spinal cord.
Explain the difference between adult and embryonic stem cells. Embryonic stem cells are the undifferentiated cells of an embryo . They can become many types of cells and replicate indefinitely. Adult stem cells are present in small numbers in some adult tissues, The purpose of adults cells is repair damaged cells
Explain which types of stem cells would be more advantageous in therapeutic cloning? Embryonic stem cells have greater potency (greater potential) to differentiate into specialised cells. They provide greater opportunities to be used in this process.
totipotent cells? Totipotent stem cells are capable of giving rise to any cell type or even another embryo. Cells between the zygote and the 16-cell morula stage are the only totipotent stem cells.
pluripotent cells? Pluripotent stem cells can differentiate into many cells of the three germ layers (diagram below)
Multipotent cells? Multipotent stem cells have the ability to give rise to multiple, but limited cell types. Stem cells from bone marrow give rise to white blood cells, platelets and other blood cells.
unipotent cells? Unipotent stem cells can only differentiate into one cell type found in a specific tissue but can divide repeatedly. Skin cells are examples of unipotent cells that only give rise to new skin cells.
Ectoderm cells? (outermost layer of the embryo) – forms skin, hair, peripheral nervous system, brain and spinal cord cells.
Mesoderm cells? (middle layer of embryo)- forms muscle, cartilage, kidney and gonad cells.
Endoderm cells? (innermost layer of embryo)- forms the lungs, bladder and lining of digestive system, including stomach, colon, liver and pancreas.
Explain the difference between haploid and diploid The most obvious difference between Haploid and Diploid is the number of chromosome sets that are found in the nucleus. Haploid cells are those that have only a single set of chromosomes while diploid cells have two sets of chromosomes.
Explain the difference between gametes and somatic cells – include the types of cells and the diploid/haploid number of chromosomes in your explanation Somatic cells contain two full sets of chromosomes making them diploid cells. Gametes, on the other hand, are involved directly in the reproductive cycle and are most often haploid cells, meaning they only have one set of chromosomes.
Explain the difference between asexual and sexual reproduction Asexual reproduction: is the production of offspring from just one parents. Asexual reproduction occurs in bacteria and fungi as well as in many plants and some animals. sexual reproduction involves the union of two and they aren't identical to parents
advantages of asexual reproduction Efficient form of reproduction The amount of time and energy to produce offspring is minimum
advantages of sexual reproduction Generates Genetic variation and selects for beneficial genetic variation more efficiency Long Term Evolutionary Potential.
disadvantages of asexual reproduction Limited diversity negative mutations rapid growth increased comp
disadvantages of sexual reproduction -Slower Reproduction Rate- Fewer offspring are produced over a longer timespan -Potential for spread of sexually transmitted diseases throughout population
fission- asexual bacteria and protozoans. Fission occurs when a single parent cell divides into two approximately equal parts, each of which develops into a new organism.
budding- asexual Yeasts. Similar to fission but the division of cytoplasm is unequal.
fragmentation- asexual Flat worms. Occurs when a part of the parent organism breaks off and grows into a new individual. (Planarians)
spore formation- asexual : Fungi. Spores are cells that are encased in a protective coating that enables them to survive in critical conditions. When released they can be dispersed by wind or water.
vegetative reproduction- asexual Potatoes, flowering plants. Growth of specialised plant tissues that can grow into a new plant.
Parthenogenesis- asexual Birds, insects. It involves the development of an egg in the absence of fertilization. Can only occur in females.
Name and describe the two processes in meiosis that ensure variation in the gametes. independent assortment and crossing over
Explain the difference between monosomy and trisomy. Trisomy is when there is three chromosomes and a monosomy is when there is one chromosome
Hydrochloric acids benefits breaks downs cells and helps see better
Created by: HenryMcInnes
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