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Neuro Exam 6
Ch. 12 & 13
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Parts of the Limbic System | Hippocampus/Parahippocampus Fornix Hypothalamus with Mammilary Bodies Thalamus Cingulate Gyrus Amygdala Olfactory tract (olfactory bulbs, insula) |
| Brain Lateralization - Which side (L/R)? Analytical thought | Left |
| Brain Lateralization - Which side (L/R)? Detail Oriented Perception | Left |
| Brain Lateralization - Which side (L/R)? Ordered Sequencing | Left |
| Brain Lateralization - Which side (L/R)? Rational Thought | Left |
| Brain Lateralization - Which side (L/R)? Verbal | Left |
| Brain Lateralization - Which side (L/R)? Cautious | Left |
| Brain Lateralization - Which side (L/R)? Planning | Left |
| Brain Lateralization - Which side (L/R)? Math/Science | Left |
| Brain Lateralization - Which side (L/R)? Logic | Left |
| Brain Lateralization - Which side (L/R)? Right Field Vision | Left |
| Brain Lateralization - Which side (L/R)? Right Side Motor Skills | Left |
| Brain Lateralization - Which side (L/R)? Intuitive Thought | Right |
| Brain Lateralization - Which side (L/R)? Holistic Perception | Right |
| Brain Lateralization - Which side (L/R)? Random Sequencing | Right |
| Brain Lateralization - Which side (L/R)? Emotional Thought | Right |
| Brain Lateralization - Which side (L/R)? Non-Verbal | Right |
| Brain Lateralization - Which side (L/R)? Adventurous | Right |
| Brain Lateralization - Which side (L/R)? Impulse | Right |
| Brain Lateralization - Which side (L/R)? Creative Writing/Art | Right |
| Brain Lateralization - Which side (L/R)? Imagination | Right |
| Brain Lateralization - Which side (L/R)? Left Field Vision | Right |
| Brain Lateralization - Which side (L/R)? Left Side Motor Skills | Right |
| Anomia is: | difficulting naming and finding words at the most basic level |
| Aphasia is: | Acquired communication disorder Affects comprehension, expression, or both Reading and writing often disrupted Most commonly due to CVA Different from Primary Progressive Aphasia |
| Broca's Hypothesis | Gyri are constant across everyone Gyri contain higher functions Named for 3rd frontal gyrus Language is lateralized on the left |
| Wernicke's Hypothesis | Due to patient with fluent paraphasic speech and poor comprehension Patient had lesion in superior temporal gyrus Damage to sound pattern of words |
| Geschwind's Addition | Words have meaning due to association of sounds and sensory properties in the inferior parietal lobe |
| Broca's area: definition | Left Posterior Inferior Frontal Gyrus Analytic for speech sounds, organization for speech production |
| Brain Lateralization - Which side (L/R)? Grammatical Processing | Left |
| Brain Lateralization - Which side (L/R)? Local processing | Left |
| Brain Lateralization - Which side (L/R)? Decoding of Patterns | Left |
| Brain Lateralization - Which side (L/R)? Global Processing | Right |
| Brain Lateralization - Which side (L/R)? Complex Grammar | Right |
| Brain Lateralization - Which side (L/R)? Facial Expressions, body language | Right |
| Brain Lateralization - Which side (L/R)? Emotional Prosody (non-verbal cues that go along with language) | Right |
| Brain Lateralization - Which side (L/R)? Integration Across Different Modalities | Right |
| Arcute fasciculus | Connects Wernicke's to Broca's |
| Angular gyrus | Written words into language Ex: Dyslexia/Dysgraphia |
| Wernicke's Area | Sounds into language |
| Primary Auditory Context /Visual Context | Input of written, signed, or spoken words, input of pragmatics |
| Brain Lateralization - Which side (L/R)? Arousal/Alterness/Attention | Right |
| Right Hemisphere Deficits | Lack of attention, alterness, initiation Cannot decode speaker's emotional state Cannot integrate face, voice, body, and words |
| Supermarginal Gyrus | Integration of writing (output) |
| Primary Motor Area | Motor for output, Activates areas for speech, voice, sign |
| Corpus Callosum | Interhemispheric communicaton across both areas BIGGEST commisure |
| Subcortical Areas | Thalamus, striatum, etc. Regulated, gated feedback loop |
| What do the striatum and basal ganglia do? | They are involved in the motor feedback loop to produce a smooth motor movement for language output |
| Clues to Language Processing: Phonetic Priming | Rhythmic pattern to associated words with eachother Ex: Silk 10 times then Milk |
| Clues to Language Processing: Semantic Priming | Organizational association for language in the brain Ex: Association of milk with the image of a cow |
| Clues to Language Processing: What are the 4 Category-Specific Language Subdivisions in the Brain? | Animate vs Inanimate ( Imageable words (i.e., Dog vs Freedom) Dual-coding theory (i.e., two pieces of info to encode more strongly language concepts) Category Specific Deficits in Aphasia (i.e., Living vs Non-living Categories) |
| Clues to Language Processing: Meaningful Context | Sounds vs. Words Isolated Words vs Sentences |
| Broca's Aphasia | Effortful telegraphic agrammatical speech Poorly articulated Content words preserved, function words impaired |
| Werenickes Aphasia | Cannot process language input Cannot monitor own language output |
| What are the 6 Executive Functions of the Brain? | Planning Working Memory Impulse Control Response Inhibition Socialization Behavior Sensory Integration Cause/Effect |
| What are the 3 deciding factors of Aphasia? | Fluency Comprehension Repitition |
| Cause(s) and Impairments of Global Aphasia | Impaired Fluency Impaired Comprehension Impaired Repitition Due to a lesion in the MCA |
| Cause(s) and Impairments of Broca's Aphasia | Impaired Fluency Impaired Repetition Preserved Comprehension Damage to Broca's area |
| Cause(s) and Impairments of Transcortical Motor Aphasia | Impaired Fluency Preserved Comprehension Preserved Repetition Areas around Broca's area |
| Cause(s) and Impairments of Wernicke's Aphasia | Preserved Fluency Impaired Comprehension Impaired Repetition Damage to Wernicke's Area |
| Cause(s) and Impairments of Transcortical Sensory Aphasia | Preserved Fluency Impaired Comprehension Preserved Reptition Damaged area around Wernicke's area |
| Cause(s) and Impairments of Conduction Aphasia | Preserved Fluency Preserved Comprehension Impaired Repetition Damage to the Arcuate Fasciculus |
| Cause(s) and Impairments of Anomia | Preserved Fluency Preserved Comprehension Preserved Repetition Most basic level of Aphasia |
| 4 Factors in Outcomes for Aphasia | Location of lesion Severity of lesion Cause of lesion Intensity of Speech/Language Therapy |
| 6 Attributes of Dorsolateral Pre-Frontal Cortex (DLPFC) | Motor Planning (The HIGHEST level) Organization of memory Response Inhibition Problem Solving Online Processing (integration of different info from all modalities) Working Memory Ex: Lampshade on head for no reason |
| What does damage to the DLPFC look like/ | Problems with planning Shifting attention Decision Making Dopamine Response Perseveration Dopamine (Depression) |
| What is the Orbito-Frontal Pre-Frontal Cortex (OFPFC) /Ventromedial Pre-Frontal Coretx (VMPFC) for? | Decision Making Emotional Regulation (reactions) Reward and punishment (consequences) Expectations (What happens next?) Psyiological Information for good/bad decisions (card game) Integration of social knowledge and emotional expression |
| Frontal Lobotomy | Severs the connections between the PFC and emotion processing centers (deep nuclei, thalamus, and limbic system) Reason: to obtain apathy |
| What does damage to the OFPFC/VMPFC look like? | Verbal & Sexual Disinhibition Poor decision making (personal and social) Emotional Flatness Perseveration of "punishing behavior" (i.e., gambling, drug additon, etc.) |
| Characteristic of Anterior Cingulate Cortex? | Highly integrated Regulation of autonomic function in physiological response Reward/Punishment Emotion Regulation Integration of pain and behavior (Somatosensory pain response) Error detection/Conflict Resolution |
| Damage to the Anterior Cingulate Cortex looks like? | Apathy Lack of awareness of problems Ex: makes your heart beat faster when you just said something really embarassing. |
| 2 Main Purposes of the Limbic System? | Self preservation (fight or flight) - takes memories and experiences and makes sense of them so we can react for self preservation. Species preservation (procreation/sex drive) |
| Limbic System: Amygdala | Emotion processing (fear) Directions attention to emotional stimuli w/o awareness Mostly negative emotions/depresssion Modulated by the Anterior Cingulate *Located on the anterior tip of the inferior horn of the lateral ventricle |
| Limbic System: Hippocampus | Learning & Memory Medial wall of the inferior horn of the lateral ventricle |
| Limbic System: Hpyothalamus | Homeostatis |
| Limibic System: Olfaction | Connects the hippocampus to amygdala |
| Limibic System: Mammillary bodies | Relay station with the thalamus (sensory) |
| Limbic System: Fornix | Connects the hippocampus with the hypothalamus |
| Limibc System: Cingulate gryrus | emotion, conflict resolution |
| How do Executive Function and the Limbic System work together/ | By using Executive function of the PFC to supress some of the reactions by the limbic system, primal impulses that woud have been acted upon are reasoned in the brain first |
| What are the 6 basic emotions? | Fear Disgust Sadness Happiness Surprise Anger |
| What are emotions most strongly controlled by? | The subcortical region (Limbic System) |
| What are emotions mediated by? | Frontal lobes/cortices and cingulate gyrus |
| What are 4 complex emotions? | Jealousy Approval Embarassment Schadenfreude |
| What do complex emotions require? | Extensive cognitive "coloring" Interpretation of complex social context |
| Damasio's Hypothesis | VFPFC damage results in inability to use emotion for decision making (prior experience) No "gut reactions" possible so must rely on logic which is too slow and not always accurate |
| What is needed for making appropriate decisions? | A connection between the pre-frontal cortices and emotional processing (limbic system) |
| What are the 3 components of Pragmatics? | Language in social use Narrative competence Non-verbal aspects of langauge |
| Pragmatics: What are the 3 types of ways language is used socially? | Communicating intent (requesting, informing, demanding) Code switching (motherese) Social conversation rules (turn taking, conversation repair, nonverbal communication) |
| Pragmatics: What is Narrative competence? | Langauge use beyond sentences (semantics, syntax, etc) |
| Pragmatics: What are two non-verbal aspects of language? | Facial expressions Prosody |
| What are two types of facial processing? | Inversion effect Whole-part processing |
| What is the Fusiform Face Area (FFA)? | Specialized area downstream from the "what" pathway Modulates with attention and accuracy *Uses association processing to apply familiar objects and patterns |
| What are the 5 classifications of Facial Expressions of Emotion (FEE) based on? | Universality (6 emotions) Valence (pos/neg) Duration (how long can it be sustained?) Explicit vs Implicit (i.e., awareness vs micro-expressions) External vs Internal genration |
| What 4 areas are involved in Facial Emotion Processing? | VMPFC Amygdala Cingulate Gyrus Right Somatosensory cortex (with Insula) |
| What is the Somatosensory cortex? | Located on the homunculus, it's for processing sensory info from your face and other peoples faces |
| What is the facial mimicry instrument used to show micro movements from faces? | Electromyography |
| What is Prosody? | Rhythm and melody of speech that uses pitch, volume, and durations of cues |
| What are the 3 functions of prosody? | Affective (change in tone/pitch) Grammatical Stress |
| How does Affective Prosody present in damage to the L and R hemispheres of the brain? | Left: aphasia - appropriate use of pitch Right: perisylvian - significant difficulty with comprehension and production of emotions |
| How does Lexical Stress present in damage to the L and R hemispheres of the brain? | Left: aphaia - decreased comprehension/production, reduced timing Right: perisylvian - Normal comprehension and production, timing good |
| What are the 3 types of Stress Prosody? | Lexical (Hot Dog, HOT dog) Emphatic (the elephant sits, the cow stands) Chuncking (chocolate ice cream and honey0 |
Created by:
flowerfox82
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