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Zoology Lecture 1
Notes and information for the first lecture exam
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is Zoology? | the scientific study of animals. |
| How many different named organisms are there in the world? | 1.5 million organisms. 1 million animals. |
| What is the most important unifying principle in biology? | Evolution. |
| What is evolution? | the most important unifying principle in biology. |
| What is historical evolution? | a change in species through time. |
| Is historical evolution a fact or a theory? | a FACT. |
| What is are some examples of mechanisms of change? | Artificial selection, natural selection. |
| Artificial selection is.... | teleological. |
| what does teleological mean? | goal oriented, slecting certain characteristics to achieve a certain outcome. |
| Are evolution and natural selection the same thing? | no. |
| What is natural selection? | non-teleological, determined by environment. |
| Is natural selection a fact or a theory? | theory. |
| How does historical evolution affect a species? | it is a genetic change (change in allele frequency) occurring in a population. |
| What is mutation? | a random change in structure of a gene |
| What roles does mutation play in evolution? | It changes allele frequency and it is a source of new alleles |
| What is the only source of variation? | mutation. |
| What is migration? | aka gene flow, if one individual from population A manages to find a new population, it can change the allele frequency of the new population. |
| What is genetic drift? | random changes in allele frequency due to chance processes often involving deaths and reproductive mishaps not related to gene type. |
| What are two special cases of genetic drift? | Population bottlenecks and the founder effect |
| What are the different mechanisms that change allele frequency? | Mutation, Migration, Genetic drift, and Natural selection. |
| Define Natural selection. | certain traits give their possessors advantages in survival and reproduction. |
| How many phyla in Subkingdom Protozoa? | 7+ |
| What are two characteristics of protozoa? | unicellular, eukaryotic. |
| of the 64,000 species of protozoa, how many are EXTANT? | 30,000-35,000 |
| What environment do Protozoa live? | They are ubiquitous, but require moisture. |
| Many species are symbiotic. What percent of those relationships are parasitic? | 33% |
| What is symbiosis? | 2 species that have evolved together in an intimate relationship. |
| What are the three types of symbiosis? | mutualism, commencialism, parasitic. |
| Define Mutual symbiosis. | both parties benefit from the relationship. |
| What is an example of a mutual symbiotic relationship? | Ants living in the thorns of Acacia trees -- ants get to feed, tree gets protection. |
| Define Commencial symbiosis. | one organism benefits, one is neutral. |
| what is an example of commencial symbiosis? | Egrit eats bugs off of cattle. |
| Define a parasitic relationship. | one organism benefits, one is harmed. |
| How do protozoa move? | pseudopodia |
| What is the most common pseudopodia? | lobopodia. |
| The net movement of water molecules is always from __________ to ___________. | Hypotonic to hypertonic. |
| What is morphology? | organismal form |
| Metazoa | multicellular animals |
| What are the chief functional cells of an organ called? | Parenchyma |
| the supportive tissues of an organ are called... | stroma. |
| What is a zygote? | fertilized egg -- one single, large cell. |
| Describe radial cleavage. | The cleavage planes are symmetrical to the polar axis and produce tiers, or layers, of cells on top of each other in an early embryo. |
| Radial cleavage occurs with... | regulative development. |
| what is regulative development? | where each blastomere of the early embryo, if separated from the others, can adjust or regulate its development into a complete and well-proportioned (though possibly smaller) embryo. |
| How does spiral cleavage differ from radial cleavage? | rather than an egg dividing parallel or perpendicular to the animal=vegetal axis, it cleaves oblique to this axis and typically produces a quartet of cells that come to lie in furrows between the cells. THEY HAVE MOSAIC DEVELOPMENT. |
| What is mosaic development? | the organ-forming determinants in the egg cytoplasm become strictly localized in the egg, even before the first cleavage division. |
| What is metamerism? | aka segmentation, is serial repetition of similar body segments along the longitudinal axis of the body. |
| Define Epithelium. | a sheet of cells that covers an external or internal surface. |
| Generally, what are spicules made out of? | calcium carbonate or silica and collagen. |
| Do sponges have any organs or any tissues? | NOPE. |
| What are ostia? | tiny openings in sponges for incoming water. |
| What are oscula? | large holes for outgoing water in sponges. |
| What are Choanocytes? | flagellated collar cells in sponges that maintain a current of water through canals. |
| How does water enter the cells of a sponge? | through a multitude of tiny incurrent pores called dermal ostia. |
| The ___________ is lined with choanocytes. | Spongocoel. |
| What is the spongocoel? | the large central cavity in sponges. |
| What is the closest thing to a real tissue in sponges? | pinacocyte cells. |
| What are archaeocytes? | ameboid cells that move through the mesophyl and perform functions such as phagocytize particles |
| Aurelia is class... | scyphozoa |
| Obelia is class... | Hydrozoa |
| A box jellyfish is in class... | Cubozoa |
| "flower animals," or polyps with no medusa stage, are in class... | Anthozoa |
| Where do kings play chess? | Kings Play Chess On Fine Green Sand! |
| What is Schizogony? | Multiple asexual fission. |
| What is a trophozoite? | the adult stage in the life cycle of a protozoan, in which it is actively absorbing nourishment. |
| ookinete | motile zygote of malaria |
| What is a hypostome? | it is the structure that the mouth is elevated upon in a hydrozoan. |
| What are Leuconoids? | The most complex flagellated sponge chambers that permits an increase in sponge size. |
| What are Asconoids? | Asconoid sponges have the simplest organization. They are small and tube-shaped. |
| How does water enter Asconoid sponges? | through microscopic dermal pores. |
| Describe Syconoids. | they look like larger versions of asconoids, from which they were derived. They have a tubular body and a single osculum, but instead of simple choanocyte layer lining the spongocoel (like asconoids) the layer is folded back and forth to make canals. |
| What is mesohyl? | connective tissue of the sponges -- gelatinous matrix |
| What is a pinacocyte? | pinacocyte cells are the nearest thing to a true tissue in sponges. |
| Where are pinacocyte cells located? | on the external epithelium. |
| What cells help to regulate the surface area of the sponge? | pinacocytes. |
| What cells are usually arranged in circular bands around the oscula or pores, where they help regulate the rate of water flow? | myocytes. |
| What are myocytes? | modified pinacocytes; help regulate the rate of water flow; generally arranged in circular bands around the oscula or pores. |
| what is a pellicle? | a stiffened outer membrane. |
| What is a trichocyst? | saclike protrusible organelle in the ectoplasm of ciliates, which discharges as a threadlike weapon of defense. |
| What is the threadlike weapon that ciliates can fire as a weapon? | trichocyst. |
| What is phagocytosis? | intracellular digestion. |
| What kinds of organism use phagocytosis (intracellular digestion)? | protozoa and poriferans |
| ___________ use intra and extracellular digestion | radiates |
| Net movement of water molecules is ALWAYS from ____________ to ____________. | hypotonic to hypertonic. |
| Apicomplexa is... | a phylum |
| What are some characteristics of phylum Apicomplexa? | all are endoparasites, all have apical complex, many have spores (oocysts) |
| What are the four types of malaria? | Plasmodium vivax, P. ovale, P. malariae, P. falciporum |
| "Toxoplasma" is a ... | genus. |
| what is homology? | similarity of parts or organs of different organisms caused by evolutionary derivation from a corresponding part or organ in a remote ancestor, and usually having a similar embryonic origin. |
| What is an example of homology? | vertibrate limbs. |
| Sponges are under what phylum? | Porifera |
| What are the three major classes of Porifera that we discussed? | Class Demospongiae, Class Calcarea, Class Hexactinellida |
| 95% of sponges have what body type? | Leuconoid. |
| What purpose to pinecocytes serve? | take in stimulus. |
| What are ameobacytes? | move around gelatinous matrix in sponges to eat and transfer food. |
| Are most sponges monoecious or dioecious? | most are monoecious, but they don't like to self fertilize. |
| What do you know about Class Calcarea? | (Calcispongiae) Calcareous sponges, can have any of the three body forms (asconoid, syconoid, or leuconoid), have spicules formed of calcium carbonate. |
| What do you know about class Hexactinellida? | (Hyalospongiae) "glass sponges," because of their silicious spicules, can be syconoid or leuconoid |
| What do you know about class Demospongiae? | comprise about 80% of all sponge species, they can be made of siliceious spicules, spongin, or both. They are used as commercial sponges, they are ALL of the leuconoid body form. |
| Radial and biradially symmetrical organisms are called... | radiata |
| What type of symmetry is associated with Cephalization? | bilateral symmetry. |
| Radial cleavage is to ______________ as spiral cleavage is to __________. | Deuterostomes, protostomes. |
| protostomes include... | mollusks, arthropods, worms, etc. |
| In protostomes, the __________ eventually becomes the mouth. | blastopore. |
| In deuterostomes, the blastopore eventually becomes the.. | anus. |
| When a coelom is present, it forms by __________ in protostomes | schizocoely |
| what is triploblasty? | the presence of three germ layers (ectoderm, endoderm, and mesoderm). |
| The presence of the three germ layers (ectoderm, endoderm, and mesoderm) is called... | triploblasty. |
| What is the archenteron? | the primitive gut |
| what is the blastopore? | the "punched in" opening |
| Where is the misoderm? | the cells between the ecto and endoderm |
| what cells line the primitive gut? | the endoderm. |
| When mesoderm lines the outer edge of the blastocoel, lying next to the ectoderm. when this occurs, the blastocoel is renamed .... | to pseudocoelom. |
| pseudocoelom literally means.. | false coelom. |
| acoelomate animals are.. | without a coelom. the only body cavity is the space inside the gut tube, the gut being surrounded by a mass of tissue derived from mesoderm. |
| In the development of bilaterally symmetrical animals, the blastocoel fills with mesoderm, and then a new cavity forms INSIDE the mesoderm. the new cavity, completely surrounded by mesoderm, is a .. | coelom |
| once the blastocoel fills with mesoderm and a new cavity forms within the mesoderm, what is the new cavity called? | Coelom. |
| how does a coelom differ from a pseudocoelom? | a pseudocoelom has mesoderm only on the outer edge of the cavity. |
| What are the two methods by which a coelom can form? | schizocoely or enterocoely. |
| In schizocoelous formation, the coelom arises from... (2 part answer) | 1. splitting of mesodermal bands 2. that originate when cells in the blastopore region migrate into the blastocoel. |
| In enterocoelous formation, the coelom comes from ... | pouches of the archenteron, or primitive gut, that push outward into the blastocoel. |
| both schizocoelous formation and enterocoelous formation produce.. | a true coelom lined with a mesodermal peritoneum, and having mesenteries in which the visceral organs are suspended. |
| a fluid-filled body cavity between the outer body wall and the gut... | Coelom! |
| Metamerism is segmentation. Each segment is referred to as.. | a somite or metamere. |
| what is peritoneum? | it hods organs in place, and allows vessels to access organs. |
| what are three phyla with true metamerism? | Aneleida, Arthropida, Chordata. |
Created by:
akfehr
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