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An Introduction to I
New Biology Chapter 33
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Invertebrates | animals that lack a backbone |
| Poriferia | phylum that is mostly sponges. Animals that lack tissues and consume energy by trapping particles in their feeders |
| Placozoa | Only 1 species known to existing this phylum, Trichoplax adhaerens. considered an animal despite being the size of a sew thousand cells. rproduce by dividing into 2 individuals or budding off many multicellular individuals |
| Cnidaria | Phylum includes corals, jellies, and hydras. diploblastic and radically symmetrical body with one cavity that serves as both mouth and anus. |
| Diploblastic | two germ layers, ectoderm and endoderm |
| Acoela | flatworms similar to Platyhelminthes but derived from a seperate lineage. Saclike gut and simple nervous system |
| Ctenophora | Phylum that is mostly plankton. Similar body composition to cnidarians. Use combs of ciliato propel through water |
| platyhelminthes | phylum that includes flatworms, tapeworms, planarians, and flukes. bilateral symmetry and central nervous system. Process information using sensory structures. No body cavity or organs for circulation |
| Rotifera | phylum for rotifers. microscopic in size but still have an organ system including a digestive track with both a mouth and anus. feed on microorganisms suspended in water |
| Ectoprocta | phylum of ectoprocts live in sessile colonies and covered by a tough exoskeleton |
| Brachiopoda | phylum that consists of brchiopods |
| Acanthocephelia | Phylum of Parasitical spiny headed-worms. Can manipulate behaviour of intermediate host to increase chances of infecting final host |
| Cyliophora | Only one species in phylum, symbion Pandora. Males impregnate females while the females ARE STILL DEVELOPING IN THEIR MOTHER'S BODIES. The fertilized females immediately find a location to release their offspring as soon they are born. Found on lobsters |
| Nemertea | Phylum of proboscis worms. Use proboscis to capture prey. Unlike flatworms nemertea a have an alimentary canal and a closed circulatory system. Swim in water and burrowed in sand. |
| Annelida | Segmented worms like earthworms and many marine worms |
| Mollusca | Phylum including squids, snails, scallops, and octopus. Soft body protected by a hard shell |
| Loricifera | Only 10 species known. Tiny animals that inhabit the deep sea bottom. Known for its unique lorica design, a pocket formed by 6 plates surrounding the abdomen. Not much is known except they eat Bacteria. |
| Priapula | Phylum of large rounded worms with proboscis at the anterior end. Named after priapos, the Greek god of fertility who was symbolized by a giant penis. 0 to 20cm in length, live underground, and major predators in the Cambrian period |
| Onychophora | Phylum of Velvet worms originated during the Cambrian explosion. Originated in oceans but now live in humid forests. Fleshy antennae and sac-like legs |
| Tardigrada | Tardigrada are water bears that are .5mm on length. Become dormant in harsh conditions and can survive temperatures as low as -272C |
| Nematoda | Phylum of Roundworms that parasitize plants and animals. Have a tough cuticle that coats the body. |
| Anthropoda | Phylum for insects, crustaceans, and arachnids. Segmented exoskeleton and jointed appendages |
| Hemichordata | Similar to chordates. |
| Chordata | Most chordata species are vertebrates but Lancelot's, tunicates, and hagfishes |
| Echinodermata | Phylum of sand dollars, sea stars, and sea urchins. Bilaterally symmetrical as larvae but not as adults. Use network of internal canals to pump water throughout their body |
| Monophyletic | All descendants originate from one ancestor |
| Paraphyletic | Some descendants originate from one ancestor |
| Suspension feeders. | |
| Spongocoel | |
| Osculum | |
| How do sponges eat | Capture food with suspension feeders. Water is drawn through the pores and into a central cavity called the spongocoel. Water then flows out of the the sponge through the osculum. |
| Basal animal | Lineage originates near the root of the phylogenetic tree of animals. |
| Sponges lack tissues and cellular combinations | |
| Choanocytes | |
| Mesohyl | |
| Diffusion | The overall spread of molecules that are highly concentrated in one area |
| Amoebocvytes | |
| Spongin | Flexible fibers composed of protein found in sponges |
| How can the sponge body be so flexible and adjust it's shape to changes in it's physical environment? | Amoebocytes are capable of becoming other types of sponge cells |
| Hermaphrodite | |
| Reproduction in sponges | Eggs are in mesohyl, water current send sperm out of the sponge. Sperm fertilizes in neighboring mesohyl. After settling in a suitable substrate a larva develops into a sessile adult. |
| Cribostatin | Compound in marine sponges that can kill penicillin resistant strains of streptococcus |
| Gastrovascular cavity | |
| Polyp | Cylindrical Cnidaria that are grounded and use tentacles to grab passing prey. Mouth up |
| Medusa | Cnidaria with mouth facing down. Moves through the water by passively drifting and contracting it's bell shaped body. |
| How do cnidarians eat without teeth | Enzymes in the gastrovascular cavity turn prey into a nutrient rich broth. Cells lining the surface of the cavity slowly absorb these nutrients. Mouth and anus are one |
| Cnidocytes | |
| Nematocytes | |
| Cnidarian nervous system | |
| An aquatic animal like a sponge that feeds by sifting small organisms or food particles | |
| The central cavity of a sponge | |
| A large opening in a sponge that connects the spongocoel to the environment | |
| Choanocytes (collar cell) | A flagellated feeding cell found in sponges. Collar like ring that traps food particles around the base of its flagellum |
| A gelatinous region between the 2 layers of cells of a sponge | |
| The amoeba-like cell that moves by pseudopodia and is found in most animals. Depending on the species, it may digest and distribute food, dispose of wastes, form skeletal fibers, fight infections, or change into other cells. | |
| An individual that functions as both male and female in sexual reproduction by producing both sperm and eggs | |
| A central cavity with a single opening in the body of certain animals, including cnidarians and flatworms, that functions in both the digestion and distribution of nutrients | |
| A specialized cell unique to the phylum Cnidaria; contains a capsule like organelle housing a coiled thread that when discharged explodes outward and functions in prey capture or defense. | |
| Nematocyst | In a cnidocyte of a cnidarian, a capsule like organelle containing a coiled thread that when discharged can penetrate the body wall of the prey |
| Cnidarians have no brain. Movements are coordinated by a noncentralized nerve net. Nerve net uses sensory structures that are distributed around the body to detect and respond to stimuli from all directions | |
| What cnidarian is more potent than cobra poisen | Cubozoa |
| Where do flatworms live? | Marine, fresh water, and damp terrestrial habitats |
| Dorsoventrally | Between the dorsal and ventral) where flatworms appear to be flattened |
| Platyhelminth Greek def | Flat worm |
| How big are flatworms | Their size can range from being microscopic to more than 20 meters long |
| Acoelomates | Animals that lack a body cavity. Like flatworms |
Created by:
Virajasaur
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