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Urinary System pt. 1
Chapter 24
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Where are waste products produced? | From all cells |
| How do waste products enter blood? | From tissues/cells |
| How are waste products filtered? | From the blood by the kidneys |
| How are waste products eliminated? | In urine through ureters, urinary bladder and urethra |
| What organs make up the Urinary system? | Kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, urethra |
| Overall what does the Kidneys do? | Filter blood by removing waste products and convert filtrate into urine |
| Ureters transport urine from where? | Kidneys to urinary bladder |
| How much urine can the bladder store? | 1 Litter |
| What does the Urethra do? | Eliminates urine from body |
| What are the functions of kidneys? | Regulates blood inorganic ion levels, acid-base balance, blood pressure and elimination of biologically active molecules. It also synthesizes calcitriol, produces and releases erythropoietin and potentially can engage in gluconeogenesis |
| How does the kidney regulate blood pressure? | -Alters amount of fluid lost in urine -Helps regulate blood volume -Releases renin enzyme |
| What biological active molecules does the kidney eliminate? | Hormones and drugs |
| Production and release of erythropoietin | -Indirectly measures oxygen level of blood -Secretes erythropoietin (EPO) in response to low blood oxygen |
| What causes the kidneys to potentially engage in gluconeogenesis? | During prolonged fasting or starvation |
| How do the kidneys engage in gluconeogenesis? | By producing glucose from noncarbohydrate sources to helps maintain normal blood glucose levels |
| Hilum of the kidneys contains what? | Vessels, nerves, ureter that connect to the kidney |
| What rests on top of the kidney? | Adrenal gland |
| What system controls the kidneys? | Autonomic nervous system |
| What sympathetic nerves connects to the kidney? | T10–T12 |
| What do the sympathetic nerves do for the kidney? | Decreases urine production |
| Where on the kidneys do the sympathetic nerves attach? | Blood vessels of kidney and juxtaglomerular apparatus |
| What do the parasympathetic nerves from CNX do for the kidneys? | Specific effects not known |
| What is the nephron? | Microscopic functional filtration unit of kidney |
| What does the nephron consist of? | Renal corpuscle and renal tubule |
| Where do all of corpuscle and most of tubules reside in? | The cortex |
| What is the Renal corpuscle? | A bulbous region of nephron that consist of vascular and tubular poles, the glomerulus and the glomerular capsule |
| Vascular pole | Afferent and efferent arterioles attach to glomerulus |
| Tubular pole | Origin of renal tubule |
| Glomerulus | -Tangle of capillary loops, glomerular capillaries -Blood enters via afferent arteriole -Blood exits via efferent arteriole |
| What are the three layers of the Glomerular capsule? | Visceral layer, capsular space , parietal layer |
| Visceral layer | Is the Internal permeable layer directly overlying glomerular capillaries |
| Parietal layer | External impermeable |
| Capsular space | Between two layers: Receives filtrate, modified to form urine |
| What are the 3 sections of the renal tubule? | Proximal convoluted tubule (PCT), Nephron loop, Distal convoluted tubule (DCT) |
| Proximal convoluted tubule (PCT) | -First region of renal tubule -Originates at tubular pole of renal corpuscle -Microvilli increase surface area and reabsorption capacity |
| Nephron loop | Originates at sharp bend in PCT and is made out of the descending and ascending limb |
| Descending limb | Extends medially from PCT |
| Ascending limb | Returns to renal cortex and ends at DCT, has thin and thick segments |
| Each descending and ascending limb have what two segments? | Thin and thick segments |
| Distal convoluted tubule (DCT) | -Originates in renal cortex at end of ascending limb -Extends to collecting tubule |
| What are the two types of nephrons? | Cortical and juxtamedullary |
| Cortical nephrons | -Oriented with renal corpuscles near peripheral cortex -Short nephron loop just penetrating medulla -85% of nephrons |
| Juxtamedullary nephrons | -Renal corpuscles adjacent to corticomedullary junction -Long nephron loops extend deep into medulla -Help establish salt concentration gradient in interstitial space |
| How do the Juxtamedullary nephrons help establish salt concentration gradient in interstitial space? | Outside nephron loop, collecting tubules, collecting ducts allows for regulation of urine concentration by ADH |
| Where does the nephron drain into? | Collecting tubule |
| Where do the collecting tubule drain into? | Collecting ducts |
| Where do the collecting ducts drain into? | Papillary duct |
| Where do both collecting tubules and collecting ducts project toward? | Renal papilla |
| List how the fluid flows through the Juxtamedullary nephrons. | Glomerular (Bowman's) capsule -> proximal convoluted capsule -> descending limb of the loop of henle -> thin ascending limb of the loop of henle -> thick ascending limb of the loop of henle -> distal convoluted tubule -> into collecting ducts |
| Juxtaglomerular apparatus (JG) | Helps regulate blood filtrate formation, systemic blood pressure |
| What are the primary components of the Juxtaglomerular apparatus (JG)? | Granular cells, macula densa cells |
| What are Granular cells? | Modified smooth muscle cells of afferent arteriole, located near entrance to renal corpuscle. They contract when stimulated by stretch or sympathetic stimulation and synthesize, store, and release renin. |
| What does the Macula densa do? | Detect changes in NaCl concentration of fluid in lumen of DCT and signal granular cells to release renin through paracrine stimulation. It is located on tubule side next to afferent arteriole. |
Created by:
Olivve
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