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Adaptive Immunity
Chapter 22
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What does Adaptive immunity rely on? | Specific lymphocyte responses to an antigen |
| Does Adaptive have a longer or shorter reaction time than Innate immunity? | Longer |
| What are the two branches of Adaptive Immunity? | Cell-mediated immunity and Humoral immunity |
| Cell-mediated immunity involves.. | T-lymphocytes |
| Humoral immunity involves | B-lymphocytes, plasma cells, and antibodies |
| How are pathogens detected by lymphocyte's? | By containing antigens |
| What can an antigen bind to? | T-lymphocyte or antibody |
| What is an antigen? | A protein or large polysaccharide |
| What are some examples of where antigens on pathogens? | • Protein capsid of viruses • Cell wall of bacteria or fungi • Bacterial toxins • Abnormal proteins or tumor antigens |
| What are foreign antigens ? | • Foreign antigens differ from human body’s molecules. • Bind body’s immune components. |
| What are self-antigens ? | • Self-antigens are body’s own molecules. • Typically, do not bind immune components |
| What can autoimmune disorders do to your self-antigens? | Reacts to self-antigens as if foreign. |
| What is a Antigenic determinant? | Specific site on antigen recognized by immune system. |
| Pathogens can have different shapes and multiple what on their cell wall? | Antigenic determinant (epitope) |
| What is an Immunogen? | Antigen that induces an immune response |
| Immunogenicity | Ability to trigger response |
| What ate haptens? | Small foreign molecules that induce immune response when attached to a carrier molecule in host. |
| What can haptens cause? | Hypersensitivity reactions to toxins or drugs from outside environment |
| Autoimmune Disorder | • Immune system lacking tolerance for specific self-antigen. • Initiates immune response as if cells were foreign. • Due to cross-reactivity, altered self-antigens, or entering areas of immune privilege. |
| T- and B-lymphocytes have unique what? | Receptor complexes |
| TCR (T-cell receptor | Is an antigen receptor of T-lymphocyte |
| BCR (B-cell receptor) | Is an antigen receptor of B-lymphocyte |
| How do B-lymphocytes make contact antigens? | Direct contact |
| How do T-lymphocytes make contact antigens? | • Antigen is processed and presented by another cell type. • T-lymphocyte coreceptors (e.g., CD proteins) facilitate the interaction |
| What are the two subtypes of T-lymphocytes? | • Helper T-lymphocytes are CD4 • Cytotoxic T-lymphocytes are CD8 |
| What do Helper T-lymphocytes do? | • Assist in cell-mediated, humoral, and innate immunity. • E.g., activate NK cells and macrophages. |
| What do Cytotoxic T-lymphocytes do? | • Release chemicals that destroy other cells • Other types include memory T-cells and regulatory T-cells. |
| What is Antigen presentation? | Where cells display antigen on plasma membrane so T-cells can recognize it |
| What are the two types of categories of cells present antigens? | • All nucleated cells of the body • Antigen-presenting cells (APCs) |
| Antigen-presenting cells (APCs) | Immune cells that present to both helper T-cells and cytotoxic T-cells |
| What type of immune cells are APC's? | Dendritic cells, macrophages, B-lymphocytes |
| How does the antigen attach to the APC's? | By the antigen binding to the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) |
| What is are MHC 's? | A group of transmembrane proteins |
| Where is MHC 1 found? | On all nucleated cells |
| Where is MHC 2 found? | On APCs |
| What are the three main events in a lymphocyte life? | 1. Formation and maturation of lymphocytes 2. Activation of lymphocytes 3. Effector response: action of lymphocytes to eliminate antigen. |
| 1. Formation and maturation of lymphocytes | • Occurs in primary lymphatic structures (red marrow and thymus) • Become able to recognize one specific foreign antigen. |
| 2. Activation of lymphocytes | • In secondary lymphatic structures they are exposed to antigen and become activated • Replicate to form identical lymphocytes |
| 3. Effector response: action of lymphocytes to eliminate antigen. | • T-lymphocytes migrate to site of infection. • B-lymphocytes stay in secondary lymphatic structure (as plasma cells) |
| Effector response | Mechanism used by lymphocytes to help eliminate antigen. |
| What are Helper T-lymphocytes effector responses at the infection site? | • Release IL-2 and other cytokines • Regulate cells of adaptive and innate immunity. • Help activate B-lymphocytes. • Activate cytotoxic T-lymphocytes with cytokines. |
| What are Cytotoxic T-lymphocytes effector responses at the infection site? | Destroy unhealthy cells by apoptosis (just like the cycle of NA cells) |
| What triggers Helper T-lymphocytes and Cytotoxic T-lymphocytes to migrate to the infected site? | After exposure to antigens |
| What do B-lymphocytes become when activated? | Plasma cells |
| What do plasma cells do? | Synthesize and release antibodies |
| Where do plasma cells remain? | In the lymph nodes |
| They produce millions of antibodies when how many days? | 5-day life span. |
| Antibody titer | Circulating blood concentration of antibody against a specific antigen. |
| Neutralization | Antibody physically covers antigenic determinant of pathogen to prevent it from establishing infection. |
| Agglutination | Antibody cross-links antigens of foreign cells causing clumping |
| Precipitation | • Antibody cross-links circulating antigens (e.g., viral particles) • Form’s antigen-antibody complex that becomes insoluble and precipitates out of body fluids. • Precipitated complexes engulfed and eliminated by phagocytes. |
| Complement fixation | Fc region of IgG and IgM can bind complement for activation (classical complement activation) |
| Opsonization | Fc region of certain antibody classes makes it more likely target cell will be “seen” by phagocytic cells |
| Activation of NK cells | • Fc region of some antibodies (IgG) trigger NK cells to release cytotoxins • This destroys abnormal cells through antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity |
| What are the b5 classes of immunoglobulins? | IgG, IgM, IgA, IgD, and IgE |
| IgG | • Most abundant!! • Can participate in all types of antibodies actions. • Can cross placenta and cause hemolytic disease of newborn |
| IgM | • Most effective at agglutination and binding complement • Responsible for rejection of mismatched transfusions |
| Where is IgG found? | Mostly in the blood |
| Where is IgM found? | Mostly in the blood |
| Where is IgA found? | Areas exposed to environment. |
| IgA | • Produced in mucus, saliva, tears, breastmilk. • Protects respiratory and GI tract. • Dimer composed of two antibody molecules. • Helps prevent pathogens adhering to and penetrating epithelium. • Especially good at agglutination |
| IgD | • Functions as antigen-specific B-lymphocyte receptor • Identifies when immature B-lymphocytes ready for activation. |
| IgE | • Low rate of synthesis • Causes release of products from basophils and mast cells. • Attracts eosinophils. • Response to parasites and in allergic reactions |
| How can immunoglobulins classes change? | When a plasma cell changes the type of antibody it produces |
| How can plasma cells change the type of antibody immunoglobulins classes produce? | Has to contact helper T-cell and plasma cell and T-cell must release cytokines to specify antibody class that will be formed |
| Immunologic Memory | Memory results from formation of a long-lived army of lymphocytes upon immune activation |
| Subsequent exposures and the secondary response | Virus eliminated by memory T- and B-lymphocytes, antibodies before causing harm and showing any symptoms that you are sick. |
| Initial exposure and the primary response | Antibody production to first exposure |
| What is lag or latent phase? | Initial period of no detectable antibody |
| What is the production of antibody? | When plasma cells produce IgM and then IgG. |
| How long is the lag or latent phase during a primary response? | Last 3-6 days |
| How long does it take to make antibodies during a primary response? | Occurs within 1 to 2 weeks. |
| How long is the lag or latent phase during a secondary response? | Much shorter than primary response due to memory lymphocytes |
| How long does it take to make antibodies during a secondary response? | Antibody (IgG) levels rise rapidly |
| What are the two types of immunity in Adaptive Immunity? | Active and Passive |
| Active immunity | Production of memory cells due to contact with antigens |
| Naturally acquired active immunity occurs due to.. | Direct exposure to antigen |
| Artificially acquired active immunity occurs due to.. | Exposure through vaccine |
| Passive Immunity | No production of memory cells; antibodies from another person or animal |
| Naturally acquired passive immunity occurs due to.. | Transfer of antibodies from mother to fetus (through placenta or milk) |
| Artificially acquired passive immunity occurs due to.. | Serum containing antibodies transferred from another person or animal |
| What do vaccines contain? | Weakened or dead microorganism or component |
| What do vaccines do? | • Stimulate immune system to develop memory B-lymphocytes. • If later exposed, secondary response triggered. • May provide lifelong immunity or require booster shot. |
Created by:
Olivve
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