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Innate Immunity
Chapter 22
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is the Innate system first line of defense? | Skin and mucosal membrane. |
| What is the Innate system second line of defense? | Activities of neutrophils, macrophages, dendritic cells, eosinophils, basophils, and NK cells. Chemicals such as interferon and complement. Physiological processes such as inflammation and fever. |
| How does skin protect us from unwanted organism? | By releasing antimicrobial substances: • Dermcidin, lysozyme, sebum, defensins |
| The secretions from the skin do what? | Help inhibit microbial growth |
| What are the main two exocrine glands in the skin? | Sweat glands and sebaceous glands |
| How does mucosal membranes protect us from unwanted organism? | By producing mucin and release antimicrobial substances • Defensins, lysozyme, IgA |
| The mucosal membrane is lines by harmless bacteria for what reason? | To suppress growth of more virulent types |
| What cells are included in the Innate cellular defenses? | Neutrophils, macrophages, and dendritic cells, basophils, mast cells and NK cells |
| What do neutrophils, macrophages, and dendritic cells do? | Engulf unwanted substances by phagocytosis. |
| What do neutrophils and macrophages do when they engulf an unwanted substance? | Destroy its particles by: • Intake vesicle fuses with lysosome forming phagolysosome. • Digestive enzymes break down the unwanted substances. • Respiratory burst produces reactive oxygen-containing mol. that help destroy the microbes. |
| What do dendritic cells do when they engulf an unwanted substance? | Destroy particles and then present fragments to T-lymphocytes. This is necessary for initiating adaptive immunity. |
| What do basophils and mast cells do? | Promote inflammation |
| Where are basophils found? | In the blood. |
| Where are mast cells found? | In connective tissue, mucosa, internal organs. |
| Both basophils and mast cells release... | Granules containing chemicals |
| What do the chemicals from the granules fo? | Increase movement of fluid from blood to injured tissue. |
| Both basophils and mast cells attract immune cells, they can also be referred to as? | Chemotactic |
| What does histamine do? | Increases vasodilation and capillary permeability. |
| What does Heparin do? | Acts as an anticoagulant |
| What do Eicosanoids do? | Increase inflammation |
| What do Natural killing cells do? | Destroy a variety of unwanted cells • Perform immune surveillance—patrol the body detecting unhealthy cells |
| Where are NK cells formed? | Red bone marrow |
| What exactly do NK cells destroy? | Virus-infected cells, bacteria-infected cells, tumor cells, cells of transplanted tissue. |
| How do NK kill unwanted substances and cells? | By releasing cytotoxic chemical: • Perforin creates a transmembrane pore in unwanted cell. • Granzymes enter pore and cause apoptosis of cell. • Apoptosis is cell death that causes shriveling rather than lysis. |
| What do Eosinophils attack? | Multicellular parasites (worms). They also participate in immune responses of allergy and asthma. |
| How do Eosinophils attack against unwanted organims? | By releasing enzymes and other toxic substances. and by engaging in phagocytosis of antigen-antibody complexes. |
| What is are antimicrobial proteins? | Molecules that function against microbes. |
| What are interferons? | A class of cytokines that nonspecifically impede viral spread |
| What are the two types of interferons? | IFN-a and IFN-b |
| What produces IFN-a and IFN-b ? | Leukocytes and virus-infected cells |
| What do interferons do? | • Bind to neighboring cells and prevent their infection. • Stimulate NK cells to destroy virus-infected cells. |
| T-lymphocytes and NK cells produce what type of interferon? | IFN-g |
| What does IFN-g do? | Stimulates macrophages to destroy virus-infected cells |
| What is the complement system? | A group of over 30 plasma proteins that all work along with (“complement”) antibodies to protect us against bacterial infection. |
| Where are complements proteins synthesized? | In the liver and are continuously released in inactive form |
| How are complements proteins activated? | By a enzyme cascade |
| What are the two types of pathways that complement proteins take? | Classical and alternative |
| Classical pathway | Antibody attaches to foreign substance and then complement binds to antibody. |
| Alternative pathway | Complement binds to polysaccharides of bacterial or fungal cell wall. |
| What is used in the alternative pathway? | Opsonization and Inflammation |
| What is used in the classical pathway? | Cytolysis and Elimination of immune complexes |
| What is Opsonization ? | Complement protein (opsonin) binds to pathogen. • Enhances likelihood of phagocytosis of pathogenic cell. |
| What does inflammation do for the complement system? | • Enhanced by complement • Activates mast cells and basophils. • Attracts neutrophils and macrophages. |
| What is cytolysis? | Complement triggers splitting of target cell |
| Elimination of immune complexes | • Complement links antigen-antibody complexes to erythrocytes. • Cells move to liver and spleen where complexes are stripped off |
| What is inflammation? | An immediate response to ward off unwanted substances |
| Which immune system is inflammation in? | Innate |
| What causes inflammation? | Injured tissue, basophils, mast cells, and infectious organisms releasing chemicals that initiate response. |
| What chemicals get released to initiate inflammation? | Histamine, leukotrienes, prostaglandins, chemotactic factors. |
| Release of the chemicals to initiate inflammation cause what other changes? | Causes vasodilation (increase blood flow to area) and increased capillary permeability (•More exchange in notice, removal of debris) |
| List ways that are used to recruit luekocytes | • Margination • Diapedesis • Chemotaxis |
| Margination | Adherence of leukocytes to endothelial CAMs |
| Diapedesis | Cells escape blood vessel walls |
| Chemotaxis | Leukocytes migrate toward chemicals released from damaged, dead, or pathogenic cells |
| Delivery of plasma proteins to site help.. | Immunoglobulins, complement, clotting proteins, and kinins. |
| What are Kinins ? | Stimulate pain receptors, increase capillary permeability, increase production of CAMs by capillary cells. |
| What are the effects of inflammation? | Fluid (exudate) moves from blood to injured or infected area |
| What is in exudate and why? | Contains fluid, protein, and immune cells to eliminate pathogens and promote healing |
| How long does it take for inflammatory to lower? | 72 hours |
| Inflammatory redness is caused by? | Increased blood flow |
| Inflammatory heat is caused by? | Increased blood flow and increased metabolic activity within the area |
| Inflammatory swelling is caused by? | Increase in fluid loss from capillaries |
| Inflammatory pain is caused by? | Stimulation of pain receptors |
| How long does an acute inflammation last? | 8-10 days |
| Tissue repair begins where? | As fibroblasts form new connective tissue |
| Loss of plasma proteins cause what? | Decreases capillary osmotic pressure, thus decreasing fluid reabsorption into blood. Decrease of osmotic pressure in interstitial fluids. |
| What is another name for "fever" | Pyrexia |
| What is considered a fever? | 1°C or more from normal (37°C) or (98.6°F) |
| What initiates a fever? | Pyrogens circulate through blood and targeting the hypothalamus. In response, the hypothalamus releases prostaglandin E2 causing a raises in the temperature set point leading to fever. |
| What are the stages of fever? | Onset, stadium, and defervescence |
| Onset stage | Temperature begins to rise (body want to hit a certain temp; 101°F) |
| What does the hypothalamus do that causes shivering? | Stimulates dermis blood vessels to constrict (less heat loss), because your body thinks it needs to be at 101, it thinks its cold bc the current temperature of the body is 98, so you start shivering. |
| Why do you get hot when you have a fever? | Shivering generates heat and you get even more hot because your blood vessels are already constricted to increase body temp |
| Stadium stage | Elevated temperature is maintained (has it its certain temp; 101°F) |
| Defervescence stage | Temperature returns to normal |
| What are the benefits of a fever? | • Inhibits reproduction of bacteria and viruses. • Promotes interferon activity. • Increases activity of adaptive immunity. • Accelerates tissue repair. • Increases CAMs on endothelium of capillaries in lymph nodes |
| What are the risk of a high fever? | • Changes in metabolic pathways and denaturation of proteins pose risks. • Possible seizures • Irreversible brain damage at greater than 106ºF (may have meningitis) • Death likely if temperature greater than 109ºF |
| How long does chronic Inflammation last? | Longer than two weeks |
| What leukocytes are involved in chronic inflammation? | Macrophages and lymphocytes |
| What are some reasons for chronic inflammation? | • Can occur from overuse injuries. • May occur if acute inflammation unable to eliminate pathogen • May be due to autoimmune disorder. |
| What can chronic inflammation lead to? | Tissue destruction and scar tissue formation |
Created by:
Olivve
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