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Immune System pt. 1
Chapter 22
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What does the immune system do? | Protects us from infectious agents and harmful substances. |
| What is the immune system composed of? | Numerous cellular and molecular structures |
| Infectious agents | Can damage or kill a host organism they invade |
| What can pathogenic agents cause? | Harm |
| List the 5 major infection agents. | Bacteria, Viruses, Fungi, Protozoans and Multicellular parasites |
| What is bacteria? | Single-celled prokaryotes |
| What are the different types of morphologies of bacteria? | Spherical (cocci), rodlike (bacilli), or coiled (spirilla) |
| What are virulent bacteria? | Bacteria that can cause serious illness because they release toxins or damaging enzymes. |
| What is a virus? | An obligate intracellular parasite that: • Must enter a cell to reproduce. • Direct infected cell to make copies of nucleic acid and capsid (shell) • The virus or immune response may kill the host cell. |
| Viruses have what in their protein shell? | DNA or RNA |
| What is fungi? | Eukaryotic cells with membrane and cell wall |
| List examples of fungi? | Molds, yeasts, and multicellular fungi that produce spores |
| What does fungi release? | Proteolytic enzymes inducing inflammation |
| What can happen if fungi infects mucosal lining? | Vaginal yeast infection |
| What are protozoans? | • Eukaryotic cells without a cell wall • Intracellular and extracellular parasites |
| What do multicellular parasites do? | Take nourishment from host they live in |
| What are prions? | • Fragments of infectious proteins • Neither cells nor viruses |
| Where do prions cause disease? | In nervous tissue |
| Where are leukocytes formed? | Red bone marrow |
| What are the three categories of leukocytes help the immune system? | Granulocytes, Monocytes, Lymphocytes |
| What are the three types of Granulocytes? | Neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils |
| What do monocytes turn into and how? | They become macrophages when they leave blood and enter tissues |
| What are the three types of lymphocytes? | B-lymphocytes, T-lymphocytes, NK (natural killer) cells |
| Where are leukocyte commonly found? | In body tissue |
| Lymphatic tissue is what kind of lymphatic strcuture? | Secondary |
| Leukocytes are stored in what secondary lymphatic structures? | Lymph nodes, spleen, tonsils, lymphatic nodules, and MALT |
| What immune cells can be stored with leukocytes in the secondary lymphatic structures? | Macrophages, dendritic cells, and NK cells also present. |
| Where are macrophages housed? | Selected organs |
| What are the two types of macrophages? | Permanent residents or migrating macrophages |
| Where are dendritic cells housed? | Epithelial layers of skin and mucosal membranes |
| Dendritic cells are derived from what? | Monocytes |
| What do dendritic cells do? | Engulf pathogens in the skin and mucosal membranes and subsequently migrate to lymph node through lymph vessels that drain tissue. |
| Where are mast cells housed? | Connective tissue |
| Where are mast cells abundant? | Dermis and mucosa of respiratory, GI, and urogenital tracts |
| What are cytokines? | Small proteins that regulate immune activity • Chemical messengers released from one cell that bind to receptors of target cells |
| What cells can cytokines target? | Local cells or on distant cells after circulating through blood |
| What are the effects of cytokines? | • Signaling cells (including non-immune cells, e.g., neurons) • Controlling development and behavior of immune cells • Regulating inflammatory response • Destroying cells |
| What are the four main categories of cytokines? | • Interleukin (IL) • Tumor necrosis factor (TNF) • Colony-stimulating factor (CSF) • Interferon (IFN) |
| Examples of Interleukin (IL) cytokine is? | IL-1, IL-2 |
| Examples of Tumor necrosis factor (TNF) cytokine is? | TNF-α |
| Examples of Colony-stimulating factor (CSF) cytokine is? | Granulocyte CSF, GM-CSF |
| Examples of Interferon (IFN) cytokine is? | INF-α |
| What are the two different types of immunity? | Innate and Adaptive |
| The two types of immunity differ based on: | • Cells involved. • Specificity of cell response • Mechanisms of eliminating harmful substances. • Amount of time for response |
| When do you get Innate Immunity | At birth |
| What does Innate Immunity do? | Protects against variety of different substances (nonspecific) |
| What is the Innate response response time? | Respond immediately to potentially harmful agents |
| What defenses does the Innate Immune system have? | Includes barriers of skin and mucosal membranes, nonspecific cellular and molecular internal defenses. |
| What does Adaptive Immunity do? | Response to antigen involves specific T- and B-lymphocytes |
| When do you get Adaptive Immunity? | It is an acquired immunity |
| What is the Adaptive Immunity response time? | Takes several days to be effective after exposure |
Created by:
Olivve
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