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Fand E's
fluid and electrolytes study guide
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| A liquid such as water than can hold another substance in a solution | Solvent |
| A substance that is either dissolved or suspended in a solution | Solute |
| A solution that has the same concentration of solutes as another solution | Isotonic Solution |
| A solution that has MORE solutes than another solution | Hypertonic Solution |
| A solution that has FEWER solutes than another solution | Hypotonic Solution |
| 0.9 Sodium Chloride or NS is an example of what type of solution? | Isotonic Solution |
| Elements or compounds that dissolve in water and separate into ions that carry an electric current | Electolytes |
| What is the percentage of body water in a young adult, elderly and infants? | Young adult = 60%, Elderly = 45% and infants = 80% |
| This is triggered by the hypothalamus. AS we age it becomes diminished, putting the elderly at risk for fluid volume defect. | Thirst mechanism |
| What electrolytes mainly controls the distribution of water through out the body? | Sodium |
| What is the dominant Cation in Extra cellular fluid? | Sodium |
| What is the dominant Cation in Intracellular fluid? | Potassium |
| Extracellular fluid consists of two compartments. What are they? | Interstitial fluid and Intravascular fluid |
| What 3 processes do solutes and solvents use to move across the membranes? | Diffusion, Osmosis and active transport |
| The movement of water through a semi-permable membrane from a solution with a lower solute concentration to one with a higher solute concentration. | Osmosis |
| The movement of a solute in a solution across a semi-permable membrane from an area of higher solute concentration to an area of lower solute concentration until both sides are equal. | Diffusion |
| This requires energy to move substances across cell membranes. | Active Transport |
| This hormone is released by the Adrenal Cortex and causes the kidneys to reabsorb Na+ and water while excreting K+. | Aldosterone |
| The production of Aldosterone is stimulated by decreased: (name a couple things) | Decreased B/P, decreased blood volume, decreased sodium. |
| The average adult releases approximately how many ml of fluid output daily? | between 2600-3600 |
| Name the 4 organs that produce fluid output. | lungs, kidneys, skin, GI tract |
| Name 2 common fluid imbalances in the body (and the symptoms they produce) | fluid overload: edema fluid deficit: dehydration |
| A lower Serum osmolality suggests: | Fluid overload |
| A higher serum osmolality suggests: | Fluid dehydration |
| Name the two lab values that are often high due to hemoconcentration! | BUN and Hct |
| Normal Serum sodium level | 135-145 mEq/L |
| Normal Serum Potassium Level | 3.5 - 5.0 mEq/L |
| Normal Serum Calcium Level | 8.5-10.5mg/dl |
| Name the 3 types of IV solutions | Isotonic, Hypertonic, and Hypotonic |
| Main role of Na+ | To control water distribution and maintain normal fluid balance. |
| Name 2 S/S of hyponatremia | headache and altered mental status |
| Name 2 S/S of hypernatremia | Dry mucous membranes, thirst, decreased U.O., disorientation |
| What is the main role of K+? | Maintain cell membrane electric potential. |
| Diuretics, excessive loss of GI fluids, and high glucose levels leading to diuresis leads to_________________ (electrolyte imbalance). | Hypokalemia |
| Name some S/S of hypokalemia | weak thready pulse, EKG changes, ileus, muscle weakness and leg cramps |
| Name some S/S of hyperkalemia | EKG changes, irreg |
| What is the percentage of body water in a young adult, elderly and infants? | Young adult = 60%, Elderly = 45% and infants = 80% |
| This is triggered by the hypothalamus. AS we age it becomes diminished, putting the elderly at risk for fluid volume defect. | Thirst mechanism |
| What electrolytes mainly controls the distribution of water through out the body? | Sodium |
| What is the dominant Cation in Extra cellular fluid? | Sodium |
| What is the dominant Cation in Intracellular fluid? | Potassium |
| Extracellular fluid consists of two compartments. What are they? | Interstitial fluid and Intravascular fluid |
| What 3 processes do solutes and solvents use to move across the membranes? | Diffusion, Osmosis and active transport |
| The movement of water through a semi-permable membrane from a solution with a lower solute concentration to one with a higher solute concentration. | Osmosis |
| The movement of a solute in a solution across a semi-permable membrane from an area of higher solute concentration to an area of lower solute concentration until both sides are equal. | Diffusion |
| This requires energy to move substances across cell membranes. | Active Transport |
| This hormone is released by the Adrenal Cortex and causes the kidneys to reabsorb Na+ and water while excreting K+. | Aldosterone |
| The production of Aldosterone is stimulated by decreased: (name a couple things) | Decreased B/P, decreased blood volume, decreased sodium. |
| The average adult releases approximately how many ml of fluid output daily? | between 2600-3600 |
| Name the 4 organs that produce fluid output. | lungs, kidneys, skin, GI tract |
| Name 2 common fluid imbalances in the body (and the symptoms they produce) | fluid overload: edema fluid deficit: dehydration |
| A lower Serum osmolality suggests: | Fluid overload |
| A higher serum osmolality suggests: | Fluid dehydration |
| Name the two lab values that are often high due to hemoconcentration! | BUN and Hct |
| Normal Serum sodium level | 135-145 mEq/L |
| Normal Serum Potassium Level | 3.5 - 5.0 mEq/L |
| Normal Serum Calcium Level | 8.5-10.5mg/dl |
| Name the 3 types of IV solutions | Isotonic, Hypertonic, and Hypotonic |
| Main role of Na+ | To control water distribution and maintain normal fluid balance. |
| Name 2 S/S of hyponatremia | headache and altered mental status |
| Name 2 S/S of hypernatremia | Dry mucous membranes, thirst, decreased U.O., disorientation |
| What is the main role of K+? | Maintain cell membrane electric potential. |
| Diuretics, excessive loss of GI fluids, and high glucose levels leading to diuresis leads to_________________ (electrolyte imbalance). | Hypokalemia |
| Name some S/S of hypokalemia | weak thready pulse, EKG changes, ileus, muscle weakness and leg cramps |
| Name some S/S of hyperkalemia | EKG changes, irregular slow pulse, increased peristalsis, N/V/Diarrhea |
| Principle function of this electrolyte includes enhancing bone strength, normal clotting of the blood and regulation of neuromuscular irritability | CALCIUM! |
| Hypoparathyroidism and inadequate Vitamin D cause this _________(electrolyte imbalance) | Hypocalcemia |
| Name some S/S of hypocalcemia | decreased B/P, increased bleeding, numbness in fingers and toes. |
| Tapping on the face at the point just anterior to the ear and just below the cheek bone. It is positive if twitching of the facial muscles occurs. | Positive Chvostek's sign |
| Inflating of a B/P cuff above systolic B/P for several minutes. It is potitive if flexion of the wrist and metacarpal joints. | Positive Trousseau's sign |
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