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praxis 0089
Middle school science
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Scientist who grew 30,000 pea plants to study inherited traits | Gregor Mendel |
| Number of chromosomes a goldfish has | 94 |
| Number of chromosomes a human has | 46 |
| In 1665, he used a microscope to observe box-like structures in cork - named these structures cells | Robert Hooke |
| Cells are the basic building blocks of all living things; All life activities take place in cells; New cells are produced by existing cells | Main parts of the cell theory |
| Amount of cells in a human body | 50 billion |
| Number of kinds of cells in the human body | 200 |
| Is flat and tough to protect the tissue beneath it | cheek cell |
| Long, thin, wirelike extensions along which nerve signals can travel | Nerve Cell |
| Number of cells that die in your body every second | millions |
| thin layer that covers the cell and holds the cell material inside; controls what enters and leaves the cell | cell membrane |
| Remains long after the rest of the cell died | Cell wall |
| Holds the cells organells | cytoplasm |
| Tiny structures that carry out cells activities | organelles |
| Each cell in your body contains between 10 and several hundred | mitochondria |
| Type of organelle that most cells have | Nucleus |
| Allow chemical instructions to move from the nucleus to the rest of the cell and vice-versa | pores |
| perform all the activities of a living organism | cell |
| Most living things begin life as a | single cell |
| Starts as a single cell | embryo |
| Typically starts slowly, speeds up, then slows down or stops | growth |
| Age by which humans typically stop growing | 21 |
| Controls the entire development of an organism | DNA |
| Number of genes a human has | 50,000 |
| Found in all cells, but only used when they are needed | DNA code |
| Process that produces new body cells with complete sets of chromosomes | mitosis |
| how you grow and how dead cells in your body are replaced | mitosis |
| Process that forms reproductive cells | meiosis |
| Amount of an organisms chromosomes that each new cell which has underwent meiosis contains | half |
| Number of cell divisions meiosis involves | two |
| Fibers that form across the cell | spindles |
| Part of each double stranded chromosome that lines up with the others along the center of the spindle | middle |
| Variation of an organisms traits in a species is mostly due to cells that have undergone | meiosis |
| Gregor Mendel was an | Austrian monk |
| Years Gregor Mendel studied pea plants before publishing results in 1865 | 8 |
| Contains male reproductive cells | Pollen |
| Plants that have homogeneous chromosome traits (ie TT or tt) | Truebreeding |
| Year Mendel's work stopped being ignored | 1900 |
| Genes are located on chromosomes | Chromosome theory |
| Many traits are controlled by more than one gene pair such as | Skin color and height |
| Year that role of DNA in inheritance is first demonstrated | 1943 |
| Year double helix is discovered | 1953 |
| Beginning of the era of genetic engineering | 1970s |
| Decade the genes of E coli and fruit flies are mapped | 1980s |
| Year that Chinese clone the first animal - a golden carp fish | 1981 |
| Year that a gene for human cancer is discovered | 1985 |
| First year gene therapy is used | 1990 |
| Year Dolly the cloned sheep is born | 1996 |
| father of genetics | Gregor Mendel |
| Structure of DNA | double-helix |
| Rosalind Franklin, Maurice Wilkins, James Watson, and Francis Crick work led to the discovery of the | structure of DNA |
| Process of identifying the precise sites on chromosomes where specific genes occur | Gene mapping |
| Cooperative scientific effort to map all the genes on a human chromosome, established in 1988 | Human Genome Project |
| Year scientists completed an entire genetic blueprint for a bacterium | 1995 |
| Number of genetic instructions contained in a bacterium genetic blueprint | 1.8 million |
| Free-floating DNA molecules in bacteria | plasmids |
| Discovery of these enabled scientist to engineer or alter genes | plasmids |
| Put into bacteria to produce useful products such as vaccines and resistant crops | plasmids |
| One of the greatest geneticists of the 20th century; Researched hereditary | Barbara McClintock |
| Make up the largest group of known species | insects |
| Number of species of butterflies and moths | 120,000 |
| Make up more than 1/4 of all animal species | beetles |
| Hardiest of all living things | bacteria |
| some fungi are | predators |
| Number of possible living things estimated by scientists | 10 million |
| Number of living things classified and named by scientists | less than 2 million |
| Developed one of the first systems for classifying things about 350 BC | Aristotle |
| Developed Linnaean system in the 1700s | Carl von Linne |
| Groups organisms by whether they are plants or animals,then groups animals by how they move, and plants by their size | Aristotle's classification system |
| 1700 English naturalist who classified organisms by behavior, appearance, and internal structure. First to realize that a whale is not a fish | John Ray |
| two characteristics used by scientists to place organisms into kingdoms | cell structure and ways of getting food |
| Most protists are | one celled |
| Cell contains one or more nuclei, and most of the structures found in plant and animal cells. May make its own food, take it from the environment, or both | protists |
| Number of divisions of all living plants | 12 |
| 1. Ask a Question 2. Do Background Research 3. Construct a Hypothesis 4. Test Your Hypothesis by Doing an Experiment 5. Analyze Your Data and Draw a Conclusion 6. Communicate Your Results | Steps of the scientific method |
| concerned with the assumptions, foundations, methods and implications of science | Philosophy of Science |
| an educated guess, based on observations. Can be disproved, but not proven to be true | Hypothesis |
| summarizes a hypothesis or group of hypotheses that have been supported with repeated testing.is valid as long as there is no evidence to dispute it; Accepted Hypothesis. "why" | Theory |
| generalizes a body of observations. At the time it is made, no exceptions have been found; explain things, but they do not describe them | law |
| “testable idea… created by the human mind that tells a story about what happens in nature.” Another definition is “a description of nature that can predict things about many similar situations; based on a certain set of observations | Scientific Model |
| observation, communication, classification, measurement, inference, and prediction | Science Process Skills |
| If X, then Y; If not X, then not Y | Experimental Design |
| Father of science; first to postulate non-supernatural explanations for natural phenomena such as lightning and earthquakes | Thales |
| first to postulate that the Earth is spherical in shape | Pythagoras of Samos |
| Their development of deductive reasoning was of particular importance and usefulness to later scientific inquiry. | Plato and Aristotle |
| first known person to propose a heliocentric model of the solar system | Aristarchus of Samos |
| geographer who accurately calculated the circumference of the Earth | Eratosthenes |
| (ca. 190 – ca. 120 BC) produced the first systematic star catalog | Hipparchus |
| 335 - 280 BC) was the first to base his conclusions on dissection of the human body and to describe the nervous system | Herophilos |
| ca. 460 BC – ca. 370 BC) and his followers were first to describe many diseases and medical conditions | Hippocrates |
| (129 – ca. 200 AD) performed many audacious operations—including brain and eye surgeries— that were not tried again for almost two millennia. | Galen |
| laid down the foundations of mathematical rigor and introduced the concepts of definition, axiom, theorem and proof still in use today in his Elements, considered the most influential textbook ever written | Euclid |
| redited with using the method of exhaustion to calculate the area under the arc of a parabola with the summation of an infinite series, and gave a remarkably accurate approximation of Pi; | Archimedes |
| wrote some of the earliest descriptions of plants and animals, establishing the first taxonomy and looking at minerals in terms of their properties such as hardness. | Theophrastus |
| also known for laying the foundations of hydrostatics and the explanation of the principle of the lever | Archimedes |
| produced what is one of the largest encyclopedias of the natural world in 77 AD | Pliny the Elder |
| Often regarded as the father of germ theory and bacteriology, together with Robert Koch. | Louis Pasteur |
| approximation that states that the extension of a spring is in direct proportion with the load added to it as long as this load does not exceed the elastic limit | Hooke's Law of elasticity |
| Father of evolutionary biology | Charles Darwin |
| Laid the groundwork for classical mechanics; described universal gravitation and the three laws of motion, showed that the motions of objects on Earth and of celestial bodies are governed by the same set of natural laws, Removed doubt about heliocentrism | Newton |
| In the absence of a net force, a body either is at rest or moves in a straight line with constant speed. | Newton's First law of Motion |
| A body experiencing a force F experiences an acceleration a related to F by F = ma, where m is the mass of the body. Alternatively, force is equal to the time derivative of momentum. | Newton's Second law of Motion |
| Whenever a first body exerts a force F on a second body, the second body exerts a force −F on the first body. F and −F are equal in magnitude and opposite in direction. | Newton's Third law of Motion |
| The orbit of every planet is an ellipse with the Sun at a focus. | Kepler's laws of planetary motion 1 |
| A line joining a planet and the Sun sweeps out equal areas during equal intervals of time | Kepler's laws of planetary motion 2 |
| The square of the orbital period of a planet is directly proportional to the cube of the semi-major axis of its orbit. | Kepler's laws of planetary motion 3 |
| best known for his eponymous laws of planetary motion; assistant to Brahe | Johannes Kepler |
| worked to combine what he saw as the geometrical benefits of the Copernican system with the philosophical benefits of the Ptolemaic system into his own model of the universe, the Tychonic system | Tycho Brahe |
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