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Science Review
Vocabulary for Science 9
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| absorption | in biology, the process by which dissolved food particles pass from the small intestine to the capillaries. |
| acid | a chemical that produces an acidic substance, having a pH value of less than 7 |
| acid precipitation | rain or snow containing acid compounds from the air |
| acid rain | rain that contains higher than normal levels of acid; caused by waste gasses released into the atmosphere by industries and automobiles; damaging to the environment. |
| acid-base neutralization | the combining of an acid and a base to produce salt and water |
| acidic | having a ph value of less than 7 |
| acute toxicity | the ability of a chemical to cause harm to an organism with only one exposure |
| adaptive optics | the technology that adjusts the mirror of a telescope, or adjusts the image of a telescope, to cancel the effects of the constant changes in Earth's atmosphere |
| algae | type of aquatic micro-organism, capable of photosynthesis |
| algal bloom | large increase in population of algae due to increased level of nutrients in a water system; may occur seasonally or due to pollen |
| alternating current | electricity produced in a generator where teh current flowing from the generator changes direction regularly |
| altitude | the angle measured above the horizon in degrees when measuring altitude-azimuth co-ordinates |
| altitude-azimuth co-ordinates | locate a celestial body relative to a fixed earth (as though the celestial bodies are circling earth) |
| ammeter | an instrument used to measure larger currents |
| amperes | teh unit used to measure electric current (A). Milliamperes (mA) is also commonly used |
| aquaculture | fish farming |
| aquifer | an underground reserve of water |
| artificial satellite | a satellite made by humans, such as a spacecraft or telescope |
| artificial selection | technique in which individual plants or animals with desirable traits are bred together to develop plants or animals with specific traits; also called selective breeding |
| asexual reproduction | the formation of a new individual from a single organism |
| astrolabe | a device used to measure the altitude of an object |
| astronomical unit | (AU) the distance from teh earth to the sun (150 million km) |
| atomic mass | the average mass of an atom of an element |
| atomic nucleus | the center of the atom; contains the protons and neutrons |
| atomic number | the number of protons in the nucleus of an atom |
| azimuth | teh angle measured clock-wise from north when measuring altitude-azimuth co-ordinates |
| bacterial conjucation | the direct transfer of genetic material from one bacterial cell to another |
| ballistic missile | a rocket with a bomb as a payload, launched in a trajectory that sends it up into space and down onto it's target |
| bar graph | a diagram consisting of horizontal or vertical bars that represent (often numerical) data |
| base | a chemical that produces a basic substance, having a pH value of more than 7 |
| basic | having a pH value of more than 7 |
| battery | a combination of cells, either wet or dry |
| behavioral adaptation | an inherited caracteristic behaviour that helps an organism survive in it's environment |
| binary code | two states (on or off) that represent numbers and letters |
| binary compounds | compounds made of two elements |
| binary fission | the splitting of a single-celled organism into two new organisms approximately equal in size; amoebae and many bacteria reproduce asexually through this process |
| bioaccumulate | to collect in progressively higher concentrations toward the top of the food chain |
| biodegradable | able to be broken down by bacteria, fungi, and other simple organisms into carbon dioxide and water |
| bioindicator species | species that help indicate environmental change |
| biological diversity | the number and variety of species in an area |
| biological indicator | a living organism whose state is indicative of conditions in a particular environment |
| biomagnification | the process whereby chemicals accumulate in the tissues of organisms along the food chain |
| bioreactor | a tank containing bacteria in appropriate conditions for bioremediation to occur |
| bioremediation | a method of using living organisms to break down complex, toxic substances into simpler, non-toxic ones |
| biotechnology | using or modifying living organisms to make marketable products; sometimes involves genetic engineering |
| branch | each circuit path in a parallel circuit; a parallel circuit has a series of branches connected side by side |
| broad niche | the roles or characteristic activities filled by a generalist organism |
| budding | an asexual reproduction process in which a bud forms on an organism, grows, and eventually breaks away to become a new organism, independent of the parent |
| carbohydrate | an organic nutrient made of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen |
| catalytic converter | a device that encourages complete oxidation during combustion |
| catalyst | a substance that speeds up a chemical reaction without being used up in a reaction |
| caustic | an agent that burns or destroys living tissue |
| celestioal bodies | all objects seen in the sky (the sun, moon, stars, and planets) |
| cell | the smallest unit that can perform the functions of life |
| cell wall | a rigid structure surrounding the cell membrane of plants, fungi, and some unicellular organisms; protects and supports the cell |
| charged coupled devices (CCDs) | devices that convert light signals into electric signals in digital format |
| chemical change | a change in which one or more new substances are formed |
| chemical family | a group of related elements that have similar properties |
| chemical formula | a formula that shows the number and types of atoms in a molecule |
| chemical property | a characteristic of matter that describes how it reacts when undergoing a chemical change (e.g., reaction of a substance with electricity) |
| chemical reaction | a process in which a substance is changes into one or more new substances |
| chemistry | the study of the properties of matter and the changes it undergoes |
| chromosome | in a cell, tightly packed strands of DNA visible under a light microscope during cell division |
| chronic toxicity | the ability of a chemical to cause harm to an organism only after the chemical accumulates to a specific level after many exposures over time |
| circle graph | a circle divided into sections to represent data; also called a pie chart |
| circuit breaker | acts as a switch and safety device that can cut all power coming into the home |
| clone | an identical copy of a molecule, gene, cell, or entire organism |
| cogenerator systems | electricity generating stations that produce electricity and also supply thermal energy |
| colloids | heterogeneous mixtures composed of fine particles evenly distributed throughout a second substance |
| combustion | the highly exothermic combination of a substance with oxygen; requires heat, oxygen, and fuel |
| commensalism | a symbiotic relationship between two different types of organisms in which one of the partners benefits and the other neither benefits nor loses |
| community | an assiciation of different population of organisms in a particular environment or geographic area |
| commutator | a part of the dynamo generator that serves to reverse teh induced current as is changes direction, making the current flow only in one direction |
| compass | a device used to measure an object's azimuth |
| competition | the struggle among individual organisms for access to a limited resource, such as food or territory |
| compounds | pure substances that are made up of two or more elements chemically combined together; can be broken down into elements again by chemical means |
| conductivity | the ability of a substance to carry an electrical current |
| conductors | materials that allow charges to move freely; most metals are conductors |
| constellations | groupings of stars that form patterns, which appear like objects and are given names (such as Orion, the hunter) |
| continuous variation | in genetics, traits that show a range of possibilities |
| control | in a scientific experiment, a standard to which the results are compared; often necessary in order to draw a valid conclusion; ensures a fair test |
| convex lens | a lens that is thicker in the middle than around the edges; causes refracting light to converge (come together) |
| co-ordinate graph | a grid that has data points named as ordered pairs of numbers |
| corrosion | a process whereby metals or stone are chemically degraded or broken down |
| cosmonaut | teh Russian term for astronaut |
| cotyledon | a seed leaf; a structure in a seed that nourishes the plant embryo |
| cross-pollination | polination of an ovule in a flower with pollen from a different individual plant |
| cycle concept map | an events chain map in which a series does not produce a final outcome; this type of concept map has no beginning and no end |
| Dalton's Atomic Theory states that: | All matter is made up of small particles called atoms; atoms cannot be created, destroyed, or divided into smaller particles; all atoms of the same element are identical in mass and size. Atoms of different elements are different in mass and size; Compoun |
| density | amount of matter that occupies a certain space; the mass per unit volume of a substance |
| diatomic molecules | molecules made of two atoms of the same element |
| dicot | a flowering plant whose seeds contain two cotyledons that store food for the embryo |
| diffraction grating | a device made of thousands of closely spaced slits through which light is passed in order to produce a spectrum |
| digital electronic technology | machines that process numerically coded information |
| direct current (DC) | current that flows in one direction only |
| discrete variation | in genetics, inherited traits that have a limited amount of variations, such as the ability or inability to curl one's tongue |
| dissolving | breaking up; forming a solution by mixing two or more materials together |
| diversity | the differences or variety of adaptations of living things |
| diversity index | a measure of the biological diversity in an area, calculated by dividing the number of runs in a walk through of an area by the total number of specimens |
| DNA | (deoxyribonucleic acid) a molecule that stores genetic information for heritable traits and directs the structure and functions of cells |
| domestic animal | an animal that is no longer wild, but has been bred or tamed by humans to perform various functions |
| dominant trait | an inherited trait that shows up in the offspring |
| Doppler effect | the phenomenon that the observed frequency of a wave changes if the source of the wave and the observer are moving toward or away from one aother |
| dynamo | a generator that produces direct current |
| Earth-centered (geocentric) | a model of the universe that places earth as teh center with the sun, moon, and planets revolving around it |
| ecological footprint | a calculation of teh total area of land and water needed to supply all of the materials and energy a human uses, as well as absorb the waste produced, expressed in square meters or hectares |
| ecosystem | all the interacting parts of a biological communityand it's environment |
| efficiency | the ratio of the useful work or energy provided by a machine or system with the actual work or energy supplied to the machine or system |
| egg | female gamete; also, a developing embryo enclosed in a shell or membrane and produced by animals that do not give birth to live young |
| electric discharge | teh rebalancing of an unbalanced charge; felt as a shock or seen as a spark |
| electric generator | a device that converts mechanical energy into electric energy |
| electrical code | a set of standards for electrical work |
| electrodes | the two metals in a voltaic or electrochemical cell |
| electrolysis | the process of decomposing a chemical compound by passing an electric current through it |
| electrolyte | a substance that conducts an electric current, and in which teh electrodes are placed |
| electromagnet | a strong temporary magnet, created by inserting a soft iron core into a coil of wire and then passing a current through the wire |
| electromagnetic radiation | varying types of energy waves emitted by stars (radio waves, infared waves, visible light, ultraviolet waves, X rays, and gamma rays) |
| electrons | negatively charged particles |
| element | a pure substance made up of one type of particle, cannot be broken down into simpler substances by means of a chemical change |
| element symbols | one or more letters used to represent the name of a substance (e.g., O is the symbol for oxygen) |
| ellipse | a figure that looks like a squashed circle; planets in the solar system move in elliptical orbits around the sun |
| embryo | a multi-cellular organism during early development |
| emulsions | types of colloids in which liquids are dispersed in liquids |
| endangered | of a species, facing risk of extinction |
| endothermic reaction | a chemical reaction in which heat energy is taken in from the surroundings |
| environment | teh area or conditions in which an organism lives; sometimes used to refer exclusively to natural areas on Earth |
| enzyme | a special protien molecule that regulates chemical reactions in living organisms |
| exhaust velocity | the speed at which exhaust leaves a rocket |
| experiment | an activity or procedure designed to test a hypothesis |
| exponent | in science or mathematics, a number, or power, that tells you how many times the number is multiplied by itself |
| exothermic | a chemical reaction in which heat energy is released to the surroundings |
| extinct | of a species, no longer existing |
| extirpation | the extinction of a species from specific geographical areas |
| eyepiece (ocular lens) | the lens through which you view a magnified object using a telescope |
| field of view | teh area seen through the eyepiece of a microscope or other optical instrument |
| flare gas | waste gas from natural gas production facilities that is burned to generate electricity |
| focus | to bring (rays of light) to a point; for example, a concave mirror or a convex lens focusses light rays |
| frame of reference | a set of axes of any kind that is used to describe the positions or motions of things |
| fungicide | a chemical used to control moulds and fungi |
| fuse | a device containing a metallic conductor that melts when heated by excessive current |
| galvanization | the process of protecting metals by coating then with a thin layer of zinc |
| galvanometer | an instrument used to measure very weak current |
| gamete | a reproductive cell containing half the number of chromosomes of a somatic cell |
| gas | teh state of matter in which a substance has neither a definite shape or volume |
| gauge | description of the cross-sectional thickness of a wire |
| gene | a section of DNA on a chromosome that codes for a specific protien and function |
| generalist | an organism with generalized requirements and adaptations that allow it to survive in variable conditions and depend on a variety of food sources; generalists tend to hove a broad niche |
| genetic engineering | the artificial introduction of genes from one organism into the genetic material of another organism |
| genetically modified organism | an organism that has been altered by the artificial introduction of genetic information from a different organism |
| genetics | the study of genes or heritable traits |
| genus | a group of species that are related |
| geosynchronous orbit | orbit of satellites placed about 36 000 km above the ground, directly above the equator, orbiting earth every 24 hours |
| geothermal energy | thermal energy contained in the inner portions of Earth |
| global positioning system (GPS) | using a fleet of GPS satellites above earth and small hand held GPS units on Earth, you can calculate your position on Earth to within 30 m (military units can be accurate to within a few centimeters) |
| global treaties | international agreements between many nations worldwide |
| gravitational assist | a method of accelleration which enables spacecraft to change speed by using the gravity of a planet |
| greenhouse gas | gasses that help regulate the temperature on Earth by holding in the heat from the Sun in our atmosphere |
| grounding | connecting an object to Earth with Conducting Wire to safely rebalance a charge |
| ground water | water that filters down through soil and fills spaces in the ground |
| ground wire | a device to safely channel any energy that has leaked out; the ground wire is either bare copper of covered with green insulation |
| habitat | the place where an organism lives |
| hazardous | containing substances that are poisonous, corrosive, flammable, or explosive |
| heat | thermal energy transferred from one object or surface to another |
| heavy metal | a metal with a high density (usually over 4g/mL) |
| Sun centered (heliocentric) | a model of the universe that places the sun at the centre with Earth, the planets, and moons revolving around it |
| herbicide | a chemical used to control weeds |
| heritable | a genetic characteristic; that is, one that can be passed on from parent to offspring |
| heterogeneous mixture | a mixture in which the particles are not uniformly scattered, does not have a uniform composition |
| homogeneous mixture | a mixture in which particles are uniformly scattered; has a uniform composition |
| hormones | substances released from specific glands to control particular body activities. The hormone insulin, for example, regulates the body's burning and storage of sugar |
| hot wire | one of the live wires in electric cables, which carries high energy electricity; the hot wire is black and insulated |
| human genome | all of the genes or genetic information of the human species |
| hydro-electric plants | plants that use water pressure to generate electric energy |
| hypothesis | a statement of a proposed relationship, based on background information or an observed pattern of events, and stated in a way that makes it testable |
| indicator | a chemical that changes colour to indicate whether a substance is an acid or base |
| inhibitor | substances that slow down or prevent chemical reactions |
| inner planets | the four planets closest to the Sun, sometimes called terrestrial planets because of their terrestrial or rocky composition |
| input work | work done on a machine |
| insecticide | a chemical used to control insects |
| insulators | any material in which the charge stays on the spot where the object is rubbed; most non-metals are insulators |
| interferometry | a technology that electrically coneects two or more separate telescopes to combine their images |
| introduced species | a non-native species introduced to one environment from another |
| ionic compound | formed when atoms transfer electrons to or from other atoms |
| joule (J) | a unit used to measure energy or work; 1 J= a force of 1 N moving through 1 m |
| kilopascal (kPa) | a unit of pressure equal to 1000 pascals |
| kinetic energy | the energy of motion |
| kilowatt hour (kWh) | a unit of electricla energy; the amount of energy transmitted by 1000 W of power over a period of one hour |
| kingdom | one of five main groupings for classifying living things on Earth; the five kingdoms are: animal, plant, fungus, protist, and monera |
| law | an action or condition that has been observed so consistently that scientists are convinced it will always happen |
| Law of Charges | Laws that describe the relationship between charged and uncharges objects. 1. Unlike Charges attract 2. Like charges repel 3. Charged objects attract neutral objects |
| law of conservation of mass | in a chemical change, the total mass of the new substances is always the same as the total mass of the original substances |
| law of definite composition | compounds are pure substances that contain two or more elements combined together in fixed proportions |
| LD50 | the dose of a chemical that will kill 50% of the population to which it is applied |
| leach | dissolves in water and the water seeps downward |
| leachate | the liquid that results as wastes decompose and rainwater filters down through the landfill |
| lens | a curved piece of transparent material, usually glass or plastic; light rays bend as they pass through a lens |
| levels of organization | in organisms, the arrangement of structures from the simplest (ie cells) to more complex (ie, tissues, organs and organ systems) |
| light year | the distance that light travels in a year (9.5 trillion km/63 240 AU) |
| liming | the process of adding calcium carbonate to the environment |
| lipid | an organic nutrient that does not dissolve in water |
| litmus | a mixture of plant compounds used as a chemical indicator |
| liquid | the state of matter in which a substance has a definite volume but no definite shape |
| loads | items along a circuit that convert electricity into other forms of energy |
| low earth orbit | satellites that are placed from 200-800 km above the ground complete one orbit of Earth in about 1.5 h |
| macroinvertebrate | an organism visible to the unaided eye and lacking a backbone |
| macromineral | a mineral that the body requires in amounts of 100mg/day or more in order to mantain health |
| magnification | teh apparent amount of enlargement produced by a microscope or similar magnifying instrument |
| magnify | to make an object appear larger by using a microscope or another magnifying instrument |
| mass | the amount of matter in a substance; often measured with a balance |
| mass number | the total number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus |
| meiosis | in the formation of gametes, the process by which genetic material is duplicated and divided so that each gamete has half the number of chromosomes of a somatic cell. |
| melting | the process of changing from solid to liquid |
| metalloids | elements with properties in between metals and non-metals |
| meristem | an area of cell division of unspecialized cells in the tips of roots and shoots that produces new growth in plants |
| microgravity | there is almost as much gravity in orbit as there is on Earth; however, gravity is effectively eliminated inside a spacecraft due to the free-falling effect of orbiting Earth, which causes the microgravity environment |
| micro-organism | a single celled organism |
| mitosis | the process by which genetic material is duplicated and divided so that the two new cells have identical sets of chromosomes |
| mixture | a combination of two or more pure substances such that each one's properties are not lost, but may be hidden |
| molecular compound | formed when atoms share electrons |
| molecule | smallest independent unit of a pure substance, generally a cluster of atoms joined together |
| monocot | a flowering plant whose seeds contain a single cotyledon that transfers food from teh endosperm to teh embryo |
| mutagen | an agent that can acause changes in the genetic information of an organism |
| mutation | a change in the genetic information, or DNA, of an organism |
| mututalism | a symbiotic relationship between two different types of organisms that is beneficial to both organisms |
| mychorrhizal fungi | fungo that live in or on the roots of plants and help them draw nutrients from the soil |
| narrow niche | a highly specialized role or characteristic activity undertaken by an organism in an ecosystem |
| natural selection | a naturally oocurring process in which only those organisms with the best traits for survival in an environment survive to reproduce; over time this process results in changes to the genetic characteristic of a species |
| neutrons | uncharged particles in an atomic nucleus |
| nitrogen base | in genetics, a chemical sub-unit of DNA |
| neutral wire | one of the live wires in electric cables, which returns low energy electricity back to the breaker panel |
| nuclear fission | the process whereby uranium is split into smaller atoms, releasing energy |
| nuclear fusion | teh process whereby two smaller atoms join into a larger atom, producing tons of energy; how the sun generates energy |
| nutrient | a chemical in food, used for energy, growth, body building, or cell repair |
| objective lens | the large lens at the front of a telescope |
| objective mirror | the mirror in a reflecting telescope; also called the primary mirror |
| ocular lens | the lens through which you view a magnified object using a telescope |
| ohm | the standard unit for resistance |
| open pit mining | mining in which teh fuel, such as coal, is unci=overed and dug directly from the ground |
| outer planets | the four planets furthest from the sun, all have gaseuos conposition |
| output work | the work a machine does on a load |
| ovule | the plant part that develops into a seed |
| oxidation | a chemical reaction in which oxygen combines with other element to form new substances |
| parallel circuits | circuits with several current paths |
| parasitism | a symbiotic relationship between two different types of organisms in which one partner benefits and the other is harmed |
| particle model of matter | a scientific model of the structure of matter; one part of this theory states that all matter is made up of extremely small particles |
| payload | the device or material that a rocket carries |
| piezoelectric effect | sound produced when an electric current causes vibrations in a tiny crystal |
| pesticide | a chemical used to control "pests" |
| physical change | change in form but not in chemical composition; no new substances are formed |
| pistil | the seed producing, or female, part of a flower |
| pollen tube | in a plant, a tube that grows from a pollen grain toward the ovule |
| pollutant | any material, or form of energy, that will cause harm to a living organism |
| pollution | an alteration of the environment producing a condition harmful to living things |
| potential difference | the difference in potential energy per unit of charge between one point in the circuit and another point on the circuit |
| power | energy per unit time |
| products | the substances produced by a chemical reaction |
| properties | characteristics that describe matter |
| protien | an organic nutrient composed of a chain of amino acids |
| proton | positively charged particle found inside the atomic nucleus |
| pure substance | a material that contains only one kind of particle |
| radio astronomy | using radio waves to learn about composition of stars |
| radio object | objects in space that give off large amounts of radio waves |
| reactants | the substances that go into a chemical reaction |
| reaction rate | the measure of how fast a reaction occurs |
| recessive trait | an inherited trait that shows up in the offspring only if both parents passed on the genes for the trait |
| red shift | when spectral lines move toward the longer wavelength part of the spectrum |
| reflecting telescope | a telescope that has a mirror for it's objective |
| refracting telecsope | a telescope that has a lens for the objective |
| remote sensing | taking measurements of Earth and other planets from space |
| resistance | teh property of a substance that hinders motion of electric charge and converts electric energy into other forms of energy |
| resolving power | determines the fineness of detail a telescope can produce of an object in view |
| rocket | a tube that contains combustible material in one end and a payload in the other end and boves by the action, reaction principle |
| sanitary landfill | a landfill incorporating a waterproof liner filled with compacted garbage covered with earth |
| scrubber | a device that uses a sorbent to reduce oxide emissions |
| secure landfill | a specialized landfill that safely disposes of hazardous and toxic wastes |
| seed bank | a collection of genetically diverse seeds |
| self polination | polination of an ovule in a flower with pollen from the same flower |
| series circuits | circuits with only one current path |
| sexual reproduction | reproductive process involving two sexes or mating types, and resulting in offspring with a combination of genes from both parents |
| solar wind | high energy subatomic particles that stream off the sun and define the boundaries of the solar system |
| solid | teh state of matter in which a substance has definite shape and volume |
| soluble | able to be dissolved in a particular solvent |
| solution | a homogeneous mixture of two or more pure substances |
| solvent | a substance that can be used to dissolve another substance |
| somatic cells | body cells, not the egg or sperm |
| sorbent | a substance that absorbs oxides |
| specialist | a type of organism that is adapted to a very specific environment and having a narrow niche |
| spectral lines | dark lines or bright lines observed in the spectra of stars |
| spore | a single celled reproductive structure from which an individual offspring develops |
| static electricity | a charge produced by rubbing or touching two objects together |
| staged rocket | a rocket with more than one stage; a stage is a section of a rocket that drops off once its fuel is used up |
| stamen | the part of a flower that produces pollen |
| stator | the stationary part of a motor surrounding the rotor |
| structural adaptation | an inherited physical characteristic that helps an organism survive in it's environment |
| suborbital | a trajectory in which a spacecraft is boosted above the atmosphere and then falls back to earth without going into orbit |
| superconductors | materials that offer little or no resistance to the movement of electrical charges |
| suspension | a heterogeneous mixture in which particles slowly settle after mixing |
| system | a collection of parts that work together in such a way that a change in one part can result in a change in another part |
| telescope | a device used to magnify objects at a great distance |
| temperature | a measure of the thermal energy of the particles in a substance |
| thermal energy | the total energy of the random motion of particles making up a substance |
| thermal pollution | occurs when warm water is returned directly to teh lake or river where it is taken, increasing the water temperature |
| thermocouple | a loop of two wires made of different types of metals that converts heat to energy |
| thermopile | thermocouples connected in series |
| toxicity | the ability of a substance to cause harm to an organism |
| trace element | a mineral that the body requires in amounts of less than 100mg/day in order to mantain health |
| transgenic | an organism produced by moving DNA from one organism to another to create a new genetic combination |
| transistors | electronic switches in modern digital devices |
| triangulation | a method of measuring distance indirectly by creating an imaginary trianglebetween an observer and an object whose distance is to be estimated |
| universal gravitation | Newton's law states that all objects attract all other objects, and provides an explanation for the planets' elliptical orbits |
| variation | differences in characteristics of organisms caused by genetic and environmental factors |
| very long baseline interferometry | a technology that combines images from telescopes anywhere on earth using timing marks but not wires |
| vitamin | a molecule that helps enzymes function in the body |
| water table | in the ground, the level beneath which porous rocks are saturated with water |
| watershed | area of land that drains into a body of water |
| weight | the force of gravity exerted on a mass |
| WHMIS | Workplace Hazardous Materials Information System |
| work | the transfer of energy through motion |
| xylem tissue | in plants, the tissue that conducts water and minerals absorbed by the root cells to every cell in the plant |
| zoospore | a flagellated asexual spore |
| zygospore | a single-celled reproductive structure formed in sexual reproduction by some fungi |
| zygote | the new cell formed by the process of fertilization. |
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