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Unit 6
AP Biology Unit 6 Vocabulary - Garcia
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Antibody | A protein secreted by plasma cells (differentiated B cells) that binds to a particular antigen and marks it for elimination; also called immunoglobulin. |
| Antigen | A macromolecule that elicits an immune response by lymphocytes. |
| B-cell | A type of lymphocyte that develops to maturity in the bone marrow. |
| Cell-mediated immunity | An immune response that does not involve antibodies. |
| Communication | Communication within (intraspecific) or between (interspecific) species of plants, animals, fungi, protozoa and microorganisms. ... Biocommunication is the essential tool to coordinate behavior of various cell types of immune systems. |
| Cyclic AMP (cAMP) | Cyclic adenosine monophosphate, a ring-shaped molecule made from ATP that is a common intracellular signaling molecule (second messenger) in eukaryotic cells (for example, in vertebrate endocrine cells). |
| Cytotoxic T-cell | A type of lymphocyte that kills infected cells and cancer cells. |
| G-protein Linked Receptor | A GTP-binding protein that relays signals from a plasma membrane signal receptor, known as a G-protein-linked receptor, to other signal transduction proteins inside the cell. |
| Helper T-cell | A type of T cell that is required by some B cells to help them make antibodies or that helps other T cells respond to antigens or secrete lymphokines or interleukins. |
| Hormone | In multicellular organisms, one of many types of circulating chemical signals that are formed in specialized cells, travel in body fluids, and act on specific target cells to change their functioning. |
| Humoral Immunity | The type of immunity that fights bacteria and viruses in body fluids with antibodies that circulate in blood plasma and lymph, fluids formerly called humors. |
| Inducer | A specific small molecule that inactivates the repressor in an operon. |
| Lytic Cycle | A type of viral (phage) replication cycle resulting in the release of new phages by lysis (and death) of the host cell. |
| Lysogenic Cycle | A method by which a virus can replicate its DNA using a host cell. |
| Negative Feedback | A primary mechanism of homeostasis, whereby a change in a physiological variable that is being monitored triggers a response that counteracts the initial fluctuation. |
| Operon | A unit of genetic function common in bacteria and phages, consisting of coordinately regulated clusters of genes with related functions. |
| Operator | In prokaryotic DNA, a sequence of nucleotides near the start of an operon to which an active repressor can attach. |
| Phagocyte | A type of cell within the body capable of engulfing and absorbing bacteria and other small cells and particles. |
| Phagocytosis | A type of endocytosis involving large, particulate substances, accomplished mainly by macrophages, neutrophils, and dendritic cells. |
| Phosphorylation Cascade | A sequence of signaling pathway events where one enzyme phosphorylates another, causing a chain reaction leading to the phosphorylation of thousands of proteins. |
| Positive Feedback | A physiological control mechanism in which a change in some variable triggers mechanisms that amplify the change. |
| Protein Kinase | An enzyme that transfers phosphate groups from ATP to a protein. |
| Receptor | A protein that binds selectively to a specific molecule (such as an intercellular mediator or antigen) and initiates a biological response. |
| Repressor | A protein that suppresses the transcription of a gene. |
| Retrovirus | An RNA virus that reproduces by transcribing its RNA into DNA and then inserting the DNA into a cellular chromosome; an important class of cancer-causing viruses. |
| Reverse Transcriptase | An enzyme encoded by some certain viruses (retroviruses) that uses RNA as a template for DNA synthesis. |
| Second Messenger | A small, nonprotein, water-soluble molecule or ion, such as calcium ion or cyclic AMP, that relays a signal to a cell’s interior in response to a signal received by a signal receptor protein. |
| Signal Cascade | A series of chemical reactions that occur within a biological cell when initiated by a stimulus. |
| Signal Transduction | The ability of a cell to change behaviour in response to a receptor-ligand interaction. |
| Signal Transduction Pathway | A mechanism linking a mechanical or chemical stimulus to a specific cellular response. |
| Transcription Factor | A regulatory protein that binds to DNA and stimulates transcription of specific genes. |
| Virus | A submicroscopic infectious agent that replicates only inside the living cells of an organism. |
| White Blood Cell | A blood cell that functions in defending the body against infections and cancer cells; also called a leukocyte. |
Created by:
Nataly Garcia
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