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ScienceJack

science flashcards

QuestionAnswer
Atoms Smallest unit of an element that maintains the properties of that element.
Protons Positively charged subatomic particle that resides in the nucleus.
Neutrons Neutrally charged subatomic particle that resides in the nucleus.
Electrons Negatively charged subatomic particle that orbits the nucleus.
Element A substance that cannot be separated or broken down into simpler substances by chemical means.
pH A scale used to value the acidity of a solution.
Acid Any compound that increases the # of hydronium ions when dissolved in water. They react with metals to form salts.
Base A base is any compound that increases the # of hydroxide ions. They react with acids to form salts.
Carbohydrates Any organic compound that is made of carbon hydrogen & oxygen and that provides nutrients to the cells of living things.
Amino Acids Any one of twenty different organic molecules that contain a carboxyl and an amino group & that combine to form proteins.
Fatty Acids Long chain of carbons attached to a carboxyl group. Can be saturated or unsaturated.
Nucleotide In a nucleic acid chain, a subunit that consists of a sugar, a phosphate and a nitrogenous base.
Lipids Three fatty acids attached to a glycerol molecule.
Sugars Monosacharriddes & polysacharrides.
Proteins An organic compound that is made of one or more chain(s) of amino acids & that is a principle component of all cells.
Nucleic Acids An organic compound (either RNA or DNA) who's molecules are made up of one or two chains of nucleotides & carry genetic info.
Clorophyll A green pigment in most plants cells that give plants their green color & that reacts with sunlight, carbon dioxide, and water to form carbohydrates.
Glucose A simple monosacharride that is the basic unit of energy in your body.
Glycogen A type of polysaccharide that the liver stores for quick energy release.
Polysacharrides A chain of monosacharrides that are joined together. (ie. starch)
Monosacharrides A simple sugar that is the basic subunit of a carbohydrate.
Disacharrides Two monosacharrides joined (ie. suchrose, lactos)
PART 2
Cytoplasm The region in the cell within the membrane that includes the fluid the cytoskeleton, and all of the organelles (except the nucleus).
Cytosol The fluid inside a cell.
Prokaryote An organism that consists of a single cell that does not have a nucleus or cell organelles. (ie. bacterium)
Eukaryote an organism made up of cells that have a nucleus enclosed by a membrane, multiple chromosomes and a mitotic cycle. (ie. animals, plants & fungi)
Endoplasmic Reticulum A system of membranes that is found in the cell cytoplasm and that assists in the production processing, and transport of proteins, and the production of lipids.
Golgi Apparatus Organelle that transports proteins around the cell.
Mitochondrion In eukaryotic cells, the organelle that is surrounded by two membranes, and that is the site of cellular respiration (produces ATP).
Nucleus In a eukaryotic cell, a membrane bound organelle that contains the cell's DNA and has a role in metabolism, reproduction and growth.
Cell Membrane The outer wall made up of phospho lipids.
Amoeba Single-cell protist. Moves using cytoskeleton.
Bacteria Single-cell prokaryote. Can either be eubacteria or archbacteria.
Virus A nonliving infectious particle composed of a nucleic acid and a protein code. It can invade and destroy a cell.
Vacuole A membrane bound water carrying sack.
Lysosomes Breaks down foreign materials.
Diffusion The movement of particles from regions of higher density to regions of lower density.
Low/High Concentration Areas of increased or decreased amounts of dissolved substances.
Osmosis The diffusion of water through a membrane.
Active Transport The movement of chemical substances usually across the cell membrane against a concentration gradient (requires energy).
Passive Transport Transport that requires no energy.
Facilitated Diffusion The transport of substances through a cell membrane along a concentration gradient with the aid of carrier proteins.
Endocytosis The process when a cell membrane surrounds a particle and encloses the particle in a vesicle to bring the particle into the cell.
Exocytosis The process by which a substance is released through the vesicle
Hypotonic Describes a solution who's solute concentration is lower than the solute concentration in a cell.
Hypertonic Describes a solution who's solute concentration is higher than the solute concentration in a cell.
Isotonic Describes a solution who's solute concentration is equal to the solute concentration in a cell.
Gated Channels Ion channel that can open and close.
Sodium-Potassium Pump A carrier protein that uses ATP to actively transport sodium ions outside the cell and potassium ions into the cell.
Totipotent A cell that can become any type of cell.
Pluripotent Able to transform into a large type of cell types.
Multipotent Able to transform into a limited # of cell types.
Protein Synthesis DNA transcribes to RNA and then translates to an amino acid sequence by the ribosomes.
Binary Fission Parent cell divides into two smaller cells of the same size.
Centriole The structures that spindle fibers extend from during mitosis.
Homologous Chromosomes Chromosomes that have the same sequence of genes that have the same structure and that pair during meiosis.
Cell Cycle Life of a cell. Growth period, then a division period.
Cytokinesis The division of the cytoplasm of a cell. Follows the division of the nucleus by mitosis or meiosis.
Prophase Chromatins condense into chromosomes.
Metaphase Chromosomes line up in the middle.
Anaphase Spindle fibers split and pull back the chromosomes.
Telophase Cell splits in half to make new cell.
Meiosis 1 Splitting of the cells that is similar to mitosis.
Meiosis 2 Splitting of cells that are descendants in meiosis 1, but the DNA doesn't replicate beforehand.
Crossing Over The exchange of genetic material between homologous chromosomes during meiosis.
Gametes Haploid reproductive cell that unites with another haploid reproductive cell to form a zygote.
Griffith's Experiment Injected mice with bacteria showing that bacteria can take up genetic material from their environment.
Transformation The transfer of genetic material.
Hershey-Chase Experiments Viruses injected DNA instead of protein into bacteria.
Phages Virus
Bacteriophage Virus that infects bacteria.
Purine Double-ringed notrogin bases. Adenine & Guanine.
Pyrimidine Single-ringed nitrogen bases. Cytosine & Thymine.
Chargoff Showed that A=T and C=G
Watson/Crick Discovered double helix nature of DNA.
X-Ray Diffraction The way the atoms reflect off of a molecule determine it's structure.
Wilkins/Franklin Developed high quality photographs of strands of DNA.
Adenine/Guanine/Cytosine/Thymine/Uracil All the nitrogenous bases found in nucleic acids.
DNA Replication t\The process of making a copy of DNA.
DNA Polymerase An enzyme that catalyzes the formation of the DNA molecule.
RNA, tRNA, mRNA, rRNA RNA=Ribonucleic Acid tRNA=Transfer RNA mRNA=Messenger RNA rRNA=Ribosomal RNA
Messenger RNA The DNA copy
tRNA Taxi that brings the amino acid to the ribosome.
rRNA Material that the ribosome is made out of.
Mutation A change in the genetic code.
Ribosome Protein making organelle.
DNA Helicase Unzips and unwinds the DNA's double helix.
Transcription Process of copying DNa into an RNA molecule.
Translation The process of reading RNA and turning it into a protein.
Codon A codon is 3 base pairs that code for a specific amino acid.
Anti-Codon The complimentary base sequence of a codon.
Exon The expressed regions of the DNA.
Mutagen Substance that creates mutations.
Lac Operon A gene system who's operator gene and lactose metabolism in e coli.
Enhancer Where the RNA polymerase binds.
Intron The unexpressed regions of DNA.
Punnet Squares Used to predict the outcome of a genetic cross.
Nondisjunction When one or more chromosomes fail to separate properly.
Trisomy When there are 3 versions of a chromosome within a cell rather than 2.
Autosome Any chromosome that is not a sex chromosome.
Down's Syndrome Trisomy 21. Having three pairs of the 21st chromosome.
Karyotype Picture of chromosomes.
Gregor Mendel Discovered heredity using peas.
Phenotype The expression of a gene (how it physically looks).
Genotype The genetic makeup of a gene.
Alleles Versions of a gene.
Homozygous An organism that has two copies of the same gene.
Heterozygous An organsim that has two different copies of the same gene.
Law of Dominance If there is a dominant version of the gene it is always expressed.
Law of Independent Assortment The law that states that genes separate independently of one another in meiosis.
Test Cross Crossing of an individual of unknown genotype with an individual of a homozygous recessive genotype to determine the genotype.
Sex Linked A gene found on the X or Y chromosome.
Dihybrid Cross When your crossing two genes of an organism with two genes of another organism.
Multiple Alleles More than two alleles for a genetic trait.
Hemophilia Where a person's blood doesn't clot.
Huntington's Disease Genetic disease caused by a dominant allele on an autosome that causes loss of muscle control, severe mental illness, and death.
Blood Type A-B-O System used to classify human blood by antigens found on the surface of blood cells.
Codominant Trait Condition where both alleles for a gene are fully expressed.
Incomplete Dominance A condition in which a trait in an individual is not fully expressed in one way or the other.
Amniocentisis When blood is taken from the uterus to test for genetic abnormalities.
Sick-cell Anemia Half-moon shaped blood cells.
Created by: JackSt
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