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A View of Life
Chapter 1
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Adaptation | 1)An evolutionary modification that improves an organism's chances of survival and reproductive success2) A decline in the response of a receptor subjected to repeated or prolonged stimulation |
| Archaea | Prokaryotic organisms with a number of features, such as the absence if peptidoglycan in their cell walls, that set them apart from the bacteria |
| Asexual Reproduction | Reproduction in which there is no fusion of gametes and in which the genetic makeup of parent and of offspring is usually identical |
| Atom | The smallest quantity of an element that retains the chemical properties of that element |
| Autotroph (producer) | An organism that synthesizes complex organic compounds from simple inorganic raw materials; also called producer or primary producer |
| Bacteria | Prokaryotic organisms that have petidoglycan in their cell walls; most are decomposers, but some are parasites and others are autotrophs. |
| Bionomial System of Nomenclature | System of naming a species by the combination of the genus name and specific epithet |
| Biosphere | All Earth's living organisms, collectively |
| Cell | The basic structural and functional unit of life, which consists of living material enclosed by a membrane |
| Cell Signaling | Mechanisms of communication between cells. they signal one another with secreted signaling molecules, or a signaling molecule on one cell combines with a receptor on another cell |
| Cell Theory | The theory that the cell is the basic unit of life, of which all living things are composed, and that all cells are derived from pre-existing cells |
| Cilium (Cilia) | One of many short, hairlike structures that project from the surface of some eukaryotic cells and are used for locomotion or movement of materials across the cell surface |
| Class | A taxonomic category made up of related orders |
| Community | An association of populations of different species living together in a defined habitat with some degree of interdependence |
| Control group | In a scientific experiment, a group in which the experimental variable is kept constant. It provides a standard of comparison ised to verify the results of the experiment |
| Decomposers | Microbial heterotrophs that break down dead organic material and use the decomposition products a standard of comparison used to verify the results of the experiment |
| Deductive Reasoning | The reasoning that operates from generalities to specifics and can make relationships among date more apparent |
| Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA) | Double-stranded nucleic acid; contains genetic information coded in specific sequences of its nucleotides |
| Developement | All the progressive changes that take place throughout the life of an organism |
| Domain | A structural and functional region of a protein, is the broadest taxonomic category |
| Ecology | A discipline of biology that studies the interrelations among living things and their environments |
| Ecosystem | The interaction system that encompasses a community and its nonliving, physical environment |
| Emergent Properties | Characteristics of an object, process, or behavior that could not be predicted from it component parts; emergent properties can be identified at each level as we move up the hierarchy of biological organization |
| Energy | The capacity to do work, expressed in kilojoules or kilocalories |
| Eukaryote | An organism whose cells have nuclei and othe membrane-enclosed organells |
| Evolution | Any cumulative genetic changes in a population from generation to generation. It leads to differences in populations and explains the origin of all the organisms that exist today or have ever existed |
| Family | A taxonomic category made up of related genera |
| Flagellum (flagella) | A long, whiplike structure extending from certain cells and used in locomotion |
| Fungus (Fungi) | A heterotrophic eukaryote with chitinous cell walls and a body usually in the form of a mycelium of branched, threadlike hyphae, most are decomposers; some are parasitic |
| Gene | A segment of Dna that serves as a unit of hereditary informetion; includes a transcribable DNA sequence that yields a protein or RNA product with a specific function |
| Gene Pool | All the alleles of all the genes present in a freely interbreeding population |
| Genus | A taxonomic category made up of related species |
| Heterotroph (Consumer) | An organism that cannot synthesize its own food from inorganic raw materials and therefore must obtain energy and body-building materials from other organisms |
| Homeostasis | The balanced internal environment of the body; the automatic tendency of an organism to maintain such a steady state |
| Hormone | An organic chemical messenger in multicellular organisms that is produced in one part of the body and often transported to another part where it signals cells to alter some aspect of metabolism |
| Hypothesis | A testable statement about the nature of an obsevation or relationship |
| Inductive Reasoning | The reasoning the uses specific examples to draw a general conclusion or discover a general principle |
| Kingdom | A broad taxonomic category made up of related phyla |
| Metabolism | The sum of all the chemical processes that occur within a cell or organism; the transformations by which energy and matter are made available for use by the organism |
| Molecule | The smallest particle of a covalently bonded element or compound; two or more atoms joined by covalent bonds |
| Mutations | Any change in DNA; may include a change in the nucleotide base pairs of a gene, a rearrangement of genes within the chromosomes so that their interactions produce different effects, or a change in the chromosomes themselves |
| Natural Selection | The mechanism of evolution proposed by Charles Darwin; the tendency of organisms that have favorable adaptations to thier environment to survive and become the parents of the next generation |
| Neurotransmitter | A chemical signal used by neurons to transmit impulses across a synapse |
| Nucleotide | A molecule consisting of one or more phosphate groups, a five-carbon sugar, and a nitrogenous base |
| Nucleus (nuclei) | The central region of an atom that contains the proton and neutrons. A cell organelle in eukaryotes that contains the DNA and serves as the control center of the cell. A mass of nerve cell bodies in the central nervous system |
| Order | A taxonomic category made up of relateed families |
| Organ | A specialized structure, such as the heart or liver, mafe up of tissues and adapted to perform a specific function or group of functions |
| Organ System | An organized group of tissues and organs that work together to perform a specialized set of functions |
| Organelle | A specialized structures within the cell, such as the mitochondria, golgi complex, ribosomes, or contractile wacuole; many organelles are membrane-enclosed |
| Organism | Any living system consisting of one or more cells |
| Photosynthesis | The biological process that captures light energy and transforms it into the chemical energy of organic molecules |
| Plasma Membrane | The selectively permeable surface membrane that encloses the cell contents and through which all materials entering or leaving the cell must pass |
| Population | A group of organisms of the dame species that live in a defined geographic area at the same time |
| Prokaryote | A cell that lacks a nucleus and other membrane-enclosed organelles; includes the bacteria and archea |
| Protein | A large, complex organic compound composed of covalently linked amino acid subunits; contains carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and sulfur |
| Protist | One of a vast kingdom of eukaryotic organism, primarily unicellular or simple multicellular; mostly aquatic |
| Reduction | The gain if one or more electrons (or hydrogen atoms) by an atom, ion, or molecule |
| Sessile | Permanently attached to one location |
| Sexual Reproduction | A type of reproduction in which two gametes fuse to form a zygote |
| Species | One or more populations whose members are capable of interbreeding in mature to produce fertile offspring and do not interbreed with members of other species |
| Specific Epithet | The second partof the name of a species |
| Systematics | The scientific study of the diversity of organisms and their evolutionary relationship |
| Taxon | A formal taxonomic group at any level |
| Taxonomy | The science of naming, describing, and classifying organisms |
| Theory | A widely accepted explanation supported by a large body of ovservations and experiments |
| Tissue | A group of closely associated, similiar cells that work together to carry out specific functions |
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