Help
Options
Didn't know it?
click below
click below
Knew it?
click below
click below
Don't Know
Remaining cards (0)
Know
retry
shuffle
restart
0:00
Embed Code - If you would like this activity on your web page, copy the script below and paste it into your web page.
Normal Size Small Size show me how
Normal Size Small Size show me how
Ch. 1, 2, 21
Intro to Patho, Acid Base Imbalances, Genetic Disorders
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| idiopathic | disease unknown |
| prodromal period | early development of disease. signs absent |
| etiology | what factors causes disease |
| iatrogenic | error/ treatment/ procedure caused disease |
| sequelae | potential unwanted outcomes |
| atrophy | decrease in SIZE of cells, reduced tissue mass |
| hypertrophy | increase in SIZE of cells, increased tissue mass |
| hyperplasia | increase in NUMBER of cells, enlarged tissue mass |
| this cellular adaption occurs when there are increased demands, consistent exercise and excessive hormonal stimulation | hypertrophy |
| this cell adaption occurs with aging, decrease use of tissue, insufficient nutrition and decreased neuro or hormonal stimulation | atrophy |
| this cell adaption can be a compensatory mechanism to meet increased demands or hormonal imbalance | hyperplasia |
| metaplasia | normal cell is replaced with more resistant cell |
| dysplasia | cells vary in size and shape within a tissue , rate of mitosis increase |
| new growth, commonly called a tumor | neoplasia |
| ischemia | lack of blood supply |
| hypoxia | reduced o2 in tissues |
| ___ results in lysis causing nearby inflammation | pyroptosis |
| what can cause cell damage? | physical damage (excessive heat/cold) mechanical damage chemical toxins (endo/exogenous) microorganisms abnormal metabolites electrolyte imbalances |
| 2 stages of cell damage | 1. initial damage 2. inflammation/cell death |
| what determines if cell can recover from damage? | if causative factor is removed |
| necrosis | dying cells cause further cell damage |
| dead cells liquefy bc of release of cell enzymes. this is called ___ | liquefaction necrosis |
| we see liquefaction necrosis in this tissue. | brain |
| we see this type of necrosis w. MI, proteins are altered/denatured | coagulative necrosis |
| caseous necrosis | form of coagulation necrosis thick, cheesy, yellow substance forms |
| fat necrosis | fatty tissue broken down into fatty acids |
| infarction | area of dead cells resulting from O2 deprivation |
| gangrene | area of necrotic tissue, invaded by bacteria |
| ___ are used to diagnose genetic disorders | karyotypes |
| where is genetic info stored? | chromosomes |
| actual genetic info, aka genetic code is known as the ___- | genotype |
| phenotype | genotype expressed |
| disorders present at birth are known as | congenital disorders |
| genetic disorders may result from : | single gene trait chromosomal defect multifactorial disorders |
| a chromosomal defect results from | error during meiosis, DNA fragments are displaced or lost |
| what is a single gene disorder caused by? | change in ONE gene within reproductive cells |
| agents that cause damage during embryonic or fetal development | teratogenic agents |
| this disorder may be caused by multiple genes (polygenic) or inherited. a large # of disorders are this type. | multifactorial |
| how are single gene disorders classified? | by inheritance patterns: - recessive - dominant - X linked recessive |
| a single gene controls a specific function but may have ___ | effects |
| color blindness is an example of what kind of disorder | single gene |
| fragile X is classified as what kind of disorder | X-linked dominant disorder |
| autosomal recessive disorder examples: | - cystic fibrosis - PKU - sickle cell - TaySachs |
| color blindness, Duchenne muscular dystrophy, and hemophilia A are all known as ___ disorders | X linked recessive |
| is heterozygous or homozygous affected in genetic disorder? | homozygous |
| how are genetic disorders tested diagnostically? | blood tests in pregnant women utero testing neonatal testing |
| what are the 3 chromosomal disorders? | - down syndrome -turner syndrome - klineflter syndrome XXY |
| down syndrome (trisomy 21) occurs when | there is an extra chromosome. 3 chromosomes on #21 |
| turner syndrome affect's mainly ___ and occurs when | girls there's only 1 x chromosome |
| this genetic disorder causes females to not have ovaries, short stature and infertility | turner syndrome |
| Klinefelter XXY syndrome is seen in ___ and is caused by | boys extra X Chromsoome |
| extra X chromosomes, infertility, small testes and no sperm. this is known as | Klinefelter XXY syndrome |
| which 2 chromosomal orders has an extra chromosome? | trisomy 21, and Klinefelter XXY syndrome |
| multifactorial disorders are disorders that are caused by | genetic influences AND environmental factors |
| examples of multifactorial disorders are | - cleft palate - congenital heart disease -congenital hip dislocation -type II diabetes |
| this type of genetic disorder may present few if any signs | single gene disorders |
| in recessive genes, how many parents need to present allele for child to have disorder? | both |
| only 1 parent needs to have allele for child to have disorder in this genetic disorder. | dominant |
| single gene recessive disorders | PKU cystic fibrosis sickle cell tay sachs |
| this disorder affects exocrine glands, lungs and pancreas | cystic fibrosis |
| this disorder results from missing enzyme that helps break down fatty substances | tay sachs |
| children with PKU cannot have PKU in their diet. true or false. | true. their body cannot break down this enzyme |
| dominant single gene disorders | -polycystic kidney disease -Huntington's disease -marfan syndrome -familial high cholesterol |
| this syndrome affects connective tissue | marfan syndrome |
| Huntington's disease | causes progressive breakdown of nerve cells in brain |
| X linked disorders affect ___ more | boys - they don't have backup X chromosome |
| X linked dominant disorder: | fragile X - main cause of mental retardation |
| X linked recessive disorder examples | -Duchenne muscular dystrophy - classic hemophilia -color blindness |
| what happens to our cells if we don't have adequate water? | cell death |
| edema | excess fluid in interstitial |
| when fluid is not in the area of circulation or cells ___ occurs | swelling |
| causes of edema | too much fluid in plasma loss of plasma proteins increased capillary hydrostatic pressure |
| effects of edema | pain functional impairment impaired arterial circulation |
| why is dehydration more serious in infants and older adults? | not a lot of fluid reserve lack ability to conserve fluid quickly |
| in dehydration, water shifts from where TO where? | ECF --> plasma |
| when we get dehydrated we borrow water from the ECF first and then ___ if too dehydrated | cells |
| edema BP and pulse | BP-high pulse-slow |
| dehydration pulse & BP | pulse - rapid, weak BP- low |
| what happens to sodium levels in edema | decrease - so much water |
| in dehydration what happens to electrolyte levels | increase |
| how does our body attempts to compensate fluid loss? | increased thirst increase HR constrict vessels produces less urine |
| why does urine output decrease in dehydration? | body trying to conserve as much fluid as possible |
| normal sodium range | 135-145 mEq/L |
| potassium normal range | 3.8-5 mEq/L |
| calcium normal range | 4-5 mEq/L |
| normal magnesium range | 0.7-1 mmol/L |
| normal phosphate range | 0.85-1.45 mmol/L |
| normal chloride range | 98-106 mmol/L |
| normal pH range | 7/35-7.45 |
| which 2 electrolytes have a reciprocal relationship? ex: when one electrolyte is high the other is low | calcium and phosphate |
| ABGs composed of 4 components | pH paCO2 HCO3 PaO2 |
| PaO2 level | 80-100 |
| HCO3 is controlled by ___ | the kidneys |
| PaCO2, controlled by the lungs and has a range of | 35-45 |
| HCO3 has a normal range of | 22-26 |
| the more HCO3 in the blood the more ___ it is | basic |
| more CO2 in the blood, the more ___ it is | acidic |
| what happens in respiratory acidosis | increase in CO2 |
| what happens in metabolic acidosis | defcrease in HCO3 |
| what happens in respiratory alkalosis | decrease in CO2 |
| what happens in metabolic alkalosis | loss of H+ |
| pneumonia and COPD are examples of | respiratory acidosis |
| hyperventilation happens in ____ | respiratory alkalosis - CO2 is low, pH is high |
| ___ happens as a result of metabolic acidosis | diarrhea (excessive loss of HCO3) renal failure |
| what are some effects of metabolic alkalosis? | hypokalemia excessive ingestion loss of HCL |
| acidosis | decrease in PH, excess H+ ions |
| alkalosis | increase in PH, deficient H+ ions |
| compensation happens when | both CO2 and HCO3 are outta range |
| when we have a respiratory issue, ____ will compensate | metabolic - and vice versa - change in respiration - change in renal function |
| which electrolyte is directly proportional with BP? | sodium |
Created by:
Mariahj25
Popular Nursing sets