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BIO 181 Final Exam
Terms and Definitions for final exam in BIO 181
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| A mating between a true-breeding purple-flowered pea plant and a true-breeding white-flowered pea plant would produce a(n) ______. | Hybrid |
| Alleles are described as ______. | alternate versions of a gene |
| A true-breeding plant that produces yellow seeds is crossed with a true-breeding plant that produces green seeds. The F1 plants have yellow seeds. What is the expected phenotypic ratio of seed color of the offspring of an F1 × F1 cross? | 3:1 |
| Which of these crosses will only produce heterozygous offspring? | AA × aa |
| Round seeds (R) are dominant to wrinkled seeds (r), and yellow seeds (Y) are dominant to green seeds (y). What is the expected phenotypic ratio of a cross between an RrYy and an rryy individual? | 1:1:1:1 |
| An individual with the genotype AaBb produces four different gametes in equal proportions. This is a demonstration of ______. | Mendel's law of independent assortment |
| To determine the genotype of an individual who expresses a dominant trait, you would cross that individual with an individual who ______. | is homozygous recessive for that trait |
| Attached earlobes are recessive to free earlobes. What genotypic ratio is expected when an individual with attached earlobes mates with an individual heterozygous for free earlobes? | 1:1 |
| A couple has two female children. What is the probability that their next child will be male? | 50% |
| Red-green color blindness is inherited as a sex-linked recessive trait. The gene is found on the X chromosome. How can a man with normal color vision father a daughter who is red-green color-blind? | He can't be her father (unless there was a mutation in the sperm’s DNA). |
| If a person with achondroplasia mates with a person who does not have achondroplasia, what percentage of their children would be expected to have achondroplasia? | 50% |
| In humans, the inheritance of ______ is best explained as being polygenic. | Height |
| Many human traits, such as our performance on intelligence tests or our susceptibility to heart disease, are ______. | influenced by both genes and the environment |
| Which of the following statements accurately describes the differences between DNA replication in prokaryotes and DNA replication in eukaryotes? | Prokaryotic chromosomes have a single origin of replication, whereas eukaryotic chromosomes have many |
| What is meant by the description "antiparallel" regarding the two strands that make up the DNA double helix? | The 5' to 3' direction of one strand runs counter to the 5' to 3' direction of the other strand |
| 3' C C T A G G C TG C A A T C C 5' An RNA primer is formed starting at the underlined T (T) of the template. Which of the following represents the primer sequence? | 5' A C G U U A G G 3' |
| Which of the following statements correctly describes the difference between the leading and the lagging strands of DNA during DNA replication? | The leading strand is synthesized in the same direction as the movement of the replication fork, and the lagging strand is synthesized in the opposite direction |
| Why does a new DNA strand elongate only in the 5' to 3' direction during DNA replication? | DNA polymerase can add nucleotides only to the free 3' end. |
| Which of the following types of molecules help to hold the DNA strands apart while they are being replicated? | single-strand DNA binding proteins |
| What is the role of DNA ligase in the elongation of the lagging strand during DNA replication? | It joins Okazaki fragments together. |
| DNA contains the template needed to copy itself, but it has no catalytic activity in cells. What catalyzes the formation of phosphodiester bonds between adjacent nucleotides in the DNA polymer being formed during DNA replication? | DNA polymerase |
| After replication, ______. | each new DNA double helix consists of one old strand and one new strand |
| The backbone of DNA consists of ______. | a repeating sugar-phosphate-sugar-phosphate pattern |
| RNA contains the nitrogenous base ______ instead of ______, which is only found in DNA. | uracil . . . thymine |
| In a DNA double helix, adenine pairs with ______ and guanine pairs with ______. | thymine . . . cytosine |
| Who discovered the structure of DNA? | Watson and Crick |
| What name is given to the collection of traits exhibited by an organism? | Phenotype |
| The central rule of molecular biology states that ________. | DNA is transcribed into RNA, which is translated into protein |
| How many nucleotides make up a codon? | 3 |
| Transcription is the ______. | manufacture of a strand of RNA complementary to a strand of DNA |
| If a strand of DNA has the sequence AAGCTC, transcription will result in a(n) ______ | single RNA strand with the sequence UUCGAG |
| Translation converts the information stored in ______ to ______. | RNA... a polypeptide |
| The process by which genotype becomes expressed as phenotype is ______. | gene expression |
| Which one of the following can create new alleles? | mutation |
| How does the transcription of structural genes in an inducible operon occur? | It starts when the pathway's substrate is present |
| Which of the following functions are characteristic of general transcription factors in eukaryotes? | They bind to other proteins or to the TATA box |
| Codons are three-base sequences in mRNA that specify the addition of a single amino acid to the growing protein chain during translation. How do eukaryotic codons and prokaryotic codons compare? | Codons are a nearly universal language among all organisms |
| 12. A particular triplet of bases in the DNA template strand is AAA. The anticodon on the tRNA that binds the mRNA codon is ________. | AAA |
| Which of the following molecules are required for the process of translation? | mRNA, tRNA, and rRNA |
| During the elongation phase of translation, which site in the ribosome represents the location where a codon is being read? | A site |
| What did Gregor Mendel use to discover the principles that rule heredity? | Pea Plants |
| What happened to the green trait in Mendel’s pea plants? | It was hidden by the dominant yellow gene |
| What is Mendel call the two kinds of traits exhibited by the pea plants (one coming from the father, one from the mother)? | Alleles |
| What do we call the result of the genotype (for example, the color of the peas)? | Phenotype |
| What do we call the table used to calculate the probability of an offspring’s genotype? | Punnett Square |
| The traits studied by Mendel were mostly discrete traits with two phenotypes. Many traits such as human height vary continuously. Which of the following describes the inheritance of continuously varying traits using Mendel’s rules of inheritance? | Two or more genes interact to produce the variation in the trait apparent in the population of the organism. |
| DNA and RNA are polymers of __________ monomers. | nucleotide |
| After replication, ________________________ | each new DNA double helix consists of one old strand and one new strand. |
| The two mechanisms for maintaining DNA integrity are __________ and ___________ | Mismatch repair; DNA polymerase proofreading |
| An organism’s genetic information is stored within the sequence of _________. This information is transcribed into a sequence of ________, which are then translated into a sequence of _________. | DNA bases; RNA bases; amino acids |
| While studying Mendelian genetics, you learned the terms genotype and phenotype. The figure diagrams the flow of genetic information in a eukaryote. Which of the following are the molecular-level equivalents of genotype and phenotype? | Genotype: DNA Phenotype: Protein |
| _______ cannot leave the ________. | DNA; nucleus |
| _______ moves to the cytoplasm where the two units of the ________ attach. | mRNA; ribosome |
| ________ molecules carry ___________ to the ribosomes. | tRNA; amino acids |
| The finished product is a _________ | protein |
| Karyotype | Number and visual appearance of the chromosomes in the cell nuclei of an organism or species |
| Autosome | Any of the numbered chromosomes, as opposed to the sex chromosomes |
| Sex Chromosome | A chromosome involved with determining the sex of an organism, usually two kinds |
| Crossing Over | The swapping of genetic material that occurs in the germ line |
| Mendel | Founder of science of genetics |
| True-Breeding Plant | An organism that always passes down certain phenotypic traits to its offspring of many generations. |
| Hybrid | Offspring of parents that differ in genetically determined traits |
| Phenotype | Observable and measurable characteristics of an organism as the result of the interaction of the genes of the organism, environmental factors, and random variation. |
| Genotype | The genetic makeup of an organism, or complete set of genes |
| Monohybrid Cross | Hybrid of two individuals with homozygous genotypes which result in the opposite phenotype for a certain genetic trait. It is often used to determine the dominance relationship between two alleles. |
| Dihybrid Cross | A mating experiment between two organisms that are identically hybrid for two traits. It is often used for as a way to determine if any relationship existed between different allelic pairs. |
| Biology | The study of life |
| Eukaryote | Organism with cells that have nuclei and membrane-bound organelles. |
| Prokaryote | Single-celled organism that lacks organelles and does not have nuclei surrounded by a nuclear membrane. |
| Unicellular | Organism made up of only one cell that carries out all functions needed by the organism. |
| Multicellular | Organisms that are composed of more than one cell, with groups of cells differentiating to take on specialized functions. |
| Homeostasis | Ability of an organism to maintain constant internal conditions. |
| Evolution | The process of gradual change in a population or species over time |
| Natural Selection | A process in which organisms with certain inherited traits are more likely to survive and reproduce than other individuals |
| Atoms | Smallest stable units of matter |
| Element | Group of all atoms that have the same number of protons. |
| Isotopes | Atoms whose nuclei contain different numbers of neutrons. |
| tRNA | An adaptor molecule composed of RNA, typically 76 to 90 nucleotides in length, that serves as the physical link between the mRNA and the amino acid sequence of proteins |
| mRNA | Messenger ribonucleic acid a single stranded molecule of RNA that corresponds to the genetic sequence of a gene and is read by a ribosome in the process of synthesizing a protein. |
| Genetic Code | The nucleotide triplets of DNA and RNA molecules that carry genetic information in living cells |
| Codon | A sequence of three nucleotides which together form a unit of genetic code in a DNA or RNA molecule |
| Mutation | An alternation in the nucleotide sequence of the genome of an organism, virus, or extrachromosomal DNA. |
| Insertion | A type of mutation involving the addition of genetic material. |
| Deletion | A type of mutation involving the loss of genetic material. |
Created by:
johnnyharrod13
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