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A&P Chap 1,2,5,8,9
Anatomy and physiolo
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Hypothesis | idea or principle to be tested |
| Experiment | series of tests of a hypothesis |
| Theory | a hypothesis that has been proved by experiments |
| Law | a theory that has an unusually high level of confidence |
| Anatomy | branch of biology : science of the structure of an organism and the relationship of its parts |
| Physiology | branch of biology: science of the functions of organisms |
| Gross Anatomy | anatomy that can be seen with the naked eye |
| Microscopic Anatomy | need a microscope to see |
| Cytology | study of cells |
| Histology | study of tissues |
| Anatomical Position | reference position, erect, hands at sides, palms forward, head and feet forward |
| Bilateral Symmetry | same on both sides, allows balanced proportions |
| Ipsilateral | same side of body |
| Contralateral | opposite side of body |
| Cranial Cavity | skull: brain |
| Spinal Cavity | spine : spinal cord |
| Thoracic Cavity | r/l pleural cavities, mediastinum |
| Pleural Cavities | lungs |
| Mediastinum | heart, trachea, esophagus, r/l bronchi |
| Diaphragm | muscle that separates thoracic and abdominal cavity |
| Abdominal Cavity | liver, spleen, gallbladder, kidneys, ureters, pancreas, stomach, intestines |
| Abdominopelvic Cavity | abdominal and pelvic cavities |
| Pelvic Cavity | urinary bladder, certain reproductive organs, part of the large intestine |
| Dorsal Body Cavity | cranial and spinal cavity |
| Ventral Body Cavity | thoracic and abdominal pelvic |
| Axial Subdivision | head, neck, torso and trunk |
| Appendicular Subdivision | upper and lower extremities |
| Right Hypochondriac Region | top right: liver, gallbladder |
| Epigastric Region | top middle: esophagus, stomach, liver |
| Left Hypochondriac Region | left top: stomach, top of the left lobe of the liver, left kidney, spleen, tail of the pancreas |
| Right Lumbar Region | right middle row: gallbladder, right kidney |
| Umbilical Region | middle middle row: stomach, pancreas, small intestine |
| Left Lumbar Region | left middle row: portion of small intestine, part of the descending colon, tip of the left kidney |
| Right Iliac Region | right bottom row: appendix, cecum, ascending colon, right ovary, and right fallopian in females |
| Hypogastric Region | middle bottom row: rectum, urinary bladder, uterus, r/l ovaries and the fallopian tubes, vas deferens, seminal vesicle and prostate |
| Left Iliac Region | left bottom: descending colon, sigmoid colon, left ovary and left fallopian tube |
| Right Upper Quadrant | right lobe of liver, gallbladder, head of pancreas, right kidney |
| Left Upper Quadrant | left lobe of liver, spleen, stomach, left kidney |
| Right Lower Quadrant | majority of ilium, cecum, right ureter |
| Left Lower Quadrant | distal descending colon, sigmoid colon, left ureter |
| Superior | towards head, upper, above |
| Inferior | towards the feet, lower, below |
| Anterior | ventral, toward the belly, front |
| Posterior | dorsal, toward the back, back |
| Medial | |
| Lateral | |
| Proximal | |
| Distal | away from the body, farthest from the trunk or point of origin |
| Superficial | nearer the surface |
| Deep | farther from the body surface |
| Saggital | divides body into right and left sides |
| Frontal/ Coronal | divides body into anterior and posterior |
| Transverse | divides body upper and lower |
| Longitudinal | cut long axis of an organ |
| Oblique | diagonal cut |
| Lumen | hollow area of organs: stomach, blood vessels, intestines, lungs, urinary organs |
| Central | brain and spinal cord |
| Peripheral | nerves of the muscles, skin, and other organs |
| Medullary / Medulla | core of the organ |
| Cortical / Cortex | outer region of the organ |
| Basal / Base | base or widest part |
| Apical / Apex | narrow tip of organ |
| Homeostasis | relatively constant states maintained by the body: temp regulation, carbon dioxide in blood, blood glucose |
| Feedback Control Loops | devices for maintain and restoring homeostasis |
| Components of Control Mechanisms | sensor, integrating or control center, effector mechanism, feedback |
| Stimulus | change in variable that elicits a reaction in a feedback loop |
| Response | reaction |
| Negative Feedback Control Systems | inhibitory, opposite, more common, maintains homeostasis: temp, blood sugar, blood pressure, production of red blood cells |
| Positive Feedback Control Systems | stimulatory, amplify, disrupts homeostasis: birth, sneeze, blood clotting |
| Life Cycle: Life Span | homeostatic mechanisms: not efficient at infancy, more efficient as adult, decline as elderly: temp reg example |
| Cell | base of life |
| Typical / Composite Cell | varies in size, microscopic, vary in function, location, structure |
| Plasma Membrane | separates cell from environment |
| Nucleus | large membranous structure near center |
| Cytoplasm | thick gel like substance, essential material of human life: includes organelles: watery fluid cytosol : two major groups membranous and non |
| Plasma Membrane | outer boundary of a cell |
| Membranous Organelles | sacs and canals made of the same material as the plasma membrane |
| Non-membranous Organelles | no membrane |
| Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum | ribosomes are here: ribosomes synthesize proteins |
| Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum | removes and stores calcium ions |
| Structure of nucleus | enclosed by nuclear envelope with holes called nuclear pores. contains dna |
| Mitochondria | powerhouse of cell, has dna molecule |
| Cytoskeleton | provides support for shape, move cell or parts, detects changes |
| Cell Fibers | support the er, mitochondria |
| Microfilaments | cellular muscle, slide past each other cause shortening |
| Intermediate Filaments | twitsted protein strands form much of the framework of many types of cell |
| Microtubules | move things around inside of cell thickest of cell fibers |
| Microvilli | found in intestines increase surface area for absorption |
| Cilia | cilia shorter than flagella , all cilia have sensory functions |
| Flagella | sperm cells tail like mvmts propel |
| Tissue | group of similar cells that perform a common function, thought of as fabric of body |
| Matrix | nonliving intercellular material |
| Types of Tissue | epithelial, connective, muscle, nervous |
| Primary Germ Layers | endoderm, mesoderm, ectoderm |
| Extracellular Matrix (ECM) | nonliving fluid material between cells in a tissue: water, proteins, collagen and elastin, glycoproteins : holds tissue in single mass or groups |
| Collagen | strong flexible protein fiber |
| Elastin | elastic fibers |
| Glycoproteins | few carb attachments |
| Proteoglycans | hybrid molecules in ecm mostly carbs attached to a protein backbone: ex: Chondrotin sulfate and heparin |
| Phagocytic Cells | remove dead cells or injured cells for wound healing |
| Keloid | thick scar from lower layer of skin |
| Body Membranes | cover, protect line, anchor lubricate surfaces and organs , 2 types : epithelial and connective |
| Cutaneous Membrane / Skin | organ of integumentary system |
| Epithelial Tissue Membrane | contains sweat & oil glands |
| Serous Membrane | 2 tissue layers: epithelial & connective |
| Pleura | surrounds lungs |
| Peritoneum | covers abdominal viscera and lines abd. cavity |
| Pericardium | surrounds heart |
| Mucous Membranes | epithelial membranes line surfaces that open to exterior: mucous traps contaminates |
| Neoplasm | abnormal cell growth can be malignant or benign |
| Epithelial Tissue | (tumors are carcinomas0: two types membranous and glandular : funct. : protection, sensory, secretion, absorption, excretion: avascular |
| Classifications of Epithelial Tissue: cell shape | Squamous-flat, cuboidal- cube, columnar-column, pseudostratified columnar- one layer odd shaped |
| Connective Tissue | (tumors are sarcomas): connects, supports, transports, and protects, ecm predominates |
| Four Types of Connective Tissue | loose fibrous(areolar), adipose (fat), reticular, dense(irregular & regular - collangenous and elastic_ |
| Fibrous Connective Tissue | loose fibrous(areolar) function: stretch, flexible connection |
| Adipose Tissue | mostly fat, food energy reserve, support protection, insulation white fat, heat generation brown fat, produces hormone leptin |
| Reticular Tissue | framework for spleen, lymph nodes and bone marrow. func: defense against microrgs and other substances that can cause injury |
| Dense Fibrous Tissue | matrix consists of densely packed fibers. irregular fibers intertwine irreg. to form thick mat. regular bundles arranged in parallel rows |
| Bone ( Osseous) Tissue | hard and strong connective tissue 65% of total bone tissue |
| Osteocytes | mature cells of bone which are imbedded in a calcified matrix |
| Functions of Bone Tissue | support, protection, point of attachment for muscles, reservoir for minerals, support blood forming tissue |
| Osteon | compact bone tissue: osteon haversian system structural unity of bone, mature inactive bone cells |
| Osteoblasts | active bone forming cells |
| Osteoclasts | bone destroying cells |
| Compact Bone Tissue | 3 types: osteon, osteoblasts, osteoclasts |
| Cancellous (Spongy) Bone Tissue | found in ends of long bones, pelvis, ribs, vertebrae, and skull, highly vascular, produces red blood cells, supports bone marrow |
| Trabeculae | in cancellous bone : thin beams, supports red bone marrow |
| Cartilage Tissue | chondrocytes are only cell type present, avascular |
| Chondrocytes | produce fibers and ground substance of cartilage |
| Avascular | without blood vessels |
| Perchondrium | membrane that surrounds cartilage |
| Hyaline Cartilage Tissue | shiny, translucent at ends of articulating bones |
| Fibrocartilage | strongest, most durable. shock absorbing in bones at knee menisci, found also in intervertebral disks |
| Elastic Cartilage Tissue | external ear, voice box (larynx) |
| Blood Tissue | liquid tissue |
| Plasma | liquid of blood is the matrix, 55% of total blood volume |
| Erythrocytes | red blood cells |
| Leukocytes | white blood cells |
| Thrombocytes | platelets |
| Functions of Blood | transportation of gases, nutrients, waste products. regulation of body temp... regulation of ph.. white cells destroy bacteria. |
| Types of Muscle Tissue | 3 types : skeletal, smooth, cardiac |
| Skeletal Muscle Tissue | striated, voluntary, attached to bones by tendons |
| Smooth Muscle Tissue | nonstriated, involuntary, or visceral walls of hollow organs |
| Cardiac Muscle Tissue | striated involuntary, heart |
| Nervous Tissue | excitability, conductivity, organs, brain, spinal cord, nerves |
| Neuron | conducting unit, cell body or soma, axon: single process transmits nerve impulse away from cell body. dendrite one or more: transmits nerve impulse toward the body and axon |
| Neurolglia | connecting , supporting, and coordinating cells that surround neurons |
| Chromatin | threads or granules in non-dividing cells in nucleus |
| Chromosones | early stages of cell division in nucleus |
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MSRoute6
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