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Unit 6

AP Biology Unit 6 Vocabulary - Cyran

TermDefinition
DNA Replication The process by which a DNA molecule is copied; also called DNA synthesis.
Replication Fork A Y-shaped region on a replicating DNA molecule where the parental strands are being unwound and new strands are being synthesized.
Semiconservative - in regards to DNA replication Type of DNA replication in which the replicated double helix consists of one old strand, derived from the parental molecule, and one newly made strand.
Alternative Splicing A type of eukaryotic gene regulation at the RNA-processing level in which different mRNA molecules are produced from the same primary transcript, depending on which RNA segments are treated as exons and which as introns.
Exon A sequence within a primary transcript that remains in the RNA after RNA processing; also refers to the region of DNA from which this sequence was transcribed.
Intron A noncoding, intervening sequence within a primary transcript that is removed from the transcript during RNA processing; also refers to the region of DNA from which this sequence was transcribed.
Splicing The process by which introns, the noncoding regions of genes, are excised out of the primary messenger RNA transcript, and the exons (i.e., coding regions) are joined together to generate mature messenger RNA.
Template Strand The DNA that provides the pattern, or template, for ordering, by complementary base pairing, the sequence of nucleotides in an RNA transcript.
Transcription The synthesis of RNA using a DNA template.
Codon A three-nucleotide sequence of DNA or mRNA that specifies a particular amino acid or termination signal; the basic unit of the genetic code.
Retrovirus An RNA virus that replicates by transcribing its RNA into DNA and then inserting the DNA into a cellular chromosome; an important class of cancer-causing viruses.
Translation The synthesis of a polypeptide using the genetic information encoded in an mRNA molecule. There is a change of "language" from nucleotides to amino acids.
Virus An infectious particle incapable of replicating outside of a cell, consisting or an RNA or DNA genome surrounded by a protein coat (capsid) and, for some viruses, a membranous envelope.
Cell Differentiation Process where a cell has changes in gene expression to become a more specific type of cell. It allows multi-cellular organisms to create uniquely functional cell types and body plans. It is driven by genetics, and their interaction with the environment.
Cell Specialization Process by which generic cells change into specific cells meant to do certain tasks within the body. It is most important in the development of embryos.
Epigenetics The study of heritable phenotype changes that do not involve alterations in the DNA sequence.
Gene Expression The process by which information encoded in DNA directs the synthesis of proteins or, in some cases, RNAs that are not translated into proteins and instead function as RNAs.
Histone A small protein with a high proportion of positively charged amino acids that binds to the negatively charged DNA and plays a key role in chromatin structure.
Operon A unit of genetic function found in bacteria and phages, consisting of a promoter, an operator, and a coordinately regulated cluster of genes whose products function in a common pathway.
Promoter A specific nucleotide sequence in the DNA of a gene that binds RNA polymerase, positioning it to start transcribing RNA at the appropriate place.
Transcription Factor A regulatory protein that binds to DNA and affects transcription of specific genes.
Conjugation In prokaryotes, the direct transfer of DNA between two cells that are temporarily joined. When the two cells are members of different species, conjugation results in horizontal gene transfer.
Host Cell A cell that harbors foreign molecules, viruses, or microorganisms. For example, a cell being host to a virus.
Sterility The inability to produce offspring, i.e., the inability to conceive (female sterility) or to induce conception (male sterility).
Transduction A process in which phages (viruses) carry bacterial DNA from one bacterial cell to another. When these two cells are members of different species, transduction results in horizontal gene transfer.
Transformation 1. Conversion of a normal animal cell to a cancerous cell. 2. Change in genotype and phenotype due to assimilation of external DNA by a cell. When the external DNA is from a member of different species, transformation results in horizontal gene transfer.
Transposition A DNA recombination reaction that results in the translocation of a discrete DNA segment called a transposable element or transposon from a donor site to one of many nonhomologous target sites.
Triploidy A rare chromosomal abnormality; the presence of an additional set of chromosomes in the cell for a total of 69 chromosomes rather than the normal 46 chromosomes per cell. The extra set originates either from the father or the mother during fertilization.
Biotechnology The manipulation of organisms or their components to produce useful products.
DNA Sequencing A laboratory technique used to determine the exact sequence of bases (A, C, G, and T) in a DNA molecule. The sequence tells scientists the kind of genetic information that is carried in a particular DNA segment.
Electrophoresis A laboratory technique used to separate DNA, RNA, or protein molecules based on their size and electrical charge. An electric current is used to move molecules to be separated through a gel.
Genetic Engineering The direct manipulation of genes for practical purposes.
Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) A technique for amplifying DNA in vitro by incubating it with specific primers, a heat-resistant DNA polymerase, and nucleotides.
Created by: 1013087
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